Experiment 1 - Common Laboratory Operations

BARREL

COLLAR

GAS INLET

BASE

AIR HOLE

PLACE

________ the Bunsen burner away from any overhead shelving, equipment, or light fixtures

REMOVE

________ all papers, combustible materials, and chemicals from the area

TIE-BACK

________ any long hair, dangling jewelry, or loose clothing

INSPECT

________ hose for cracks, holes, pinched points, or any other defect and ensure that the hose fits securely on the gas valve and the Bunsen burner

NOTIFY

________ others in the laboratory the burner will be in use

ADJUST

________ the flame by turning the collar to regulate air flow and produce an appropriate flame for the experiment

DO NOT

________ leave open flames unattended

SHUT OFF

________ gas when its use is complete

ALLOW

________ the burner to cool before handling

ENSURE

________ that the main gas valve is off before leaving the laboratory

• Luminous flame

• Non-luminous flame

Types of Bunsen Burner Flame:

Luminous flame

also known as safety flame

Luminous flame

It can be obtained when the air hole is fully closed

Luminous flame

This is the coolest flame characterized by bright yellow color producing black soot on top of the flame

Luminous flame

never used in heating. It is just used when starting a burner

Production of soot

indicates that combustion of the fuel in this type of flame is incomplete

Non-luminous flame

This is the flame used for heating. It can be obtained when the air hole is fully opened

Non-luminous flame

This is characterized by a faint blue color that is difficult to see in a well-lit room

Non-luminous flame

There is no soot production when using this flame indicating that the combustion of fuel is complete

Reagent bottles

Solid chemicals are generally kept in ________

Spatula or Paper

Removal of solid chemicals from the reagent bottle should be done by _________, not by bare hands

Designated waste disposal bin

Any excess chemical that is already taken out from the bottle should not be returned but should be disposed in _________

Weighing

very crucial process in the chemistry laboratory to obtain accurate results

Clean and Dry

Before transferring any solid chemicals into the test tube, it must be first noted that all the apparatuses to be used should be ________ to avoid contamination

Indentation

the cleft in the mouth of glassware like the one in beakers

Non-luminous flame

The flame during heating, as discussed previously, should be a ________ of a Bunsen burner

Filtration

process of separating solid from liquid solution using a filtration membrane, in most cases a filter paper

Filter paper

Filtration is a process of separating solid from liquid solution using a filtration membrane, in most cases a ________

• to remove solid impurities from a liquid

• to collect a desired solid from the solution from which it was precipitated

Two Main Purposes of Filtration:

Residue

The solid that is left on the filter paper after filtration is called

Filtrate

The liquid that comes out from the filter paper is called

Evaporation

a process of separating soluble solids from a solution

Evaporation

This is carried out by evaporating the solvent to dryness leaving the solute residue behind

Solubility of a solute

a dissolved substance

Solvent

the dissolving medium

Solubility of solute in a solvent

the most important chemical principle underlying some of the basic techniques in the organic chemistry laboratory

Soluble

dissolved

Insoluble

not dissolved

• grams of solute per liter (g/L)

• milligrams of solute per milliliter (mg/mL)

Solubility may be expressed in terms of:

Miscible and Immiscible

When the solubility of a liquid solute in a solvent is described, it is sometimes helpful to use the terms

Miscible

mix homogeneously

Immiscible

do not mix homogeneously

Precipitate

The solid that is formed is called

Loading Balance

Weighing Solid Chemicals Using to

Test Tube

Transferring Solid Chemicals in a

Graduated Cylinder

Measuring the Volume of Liquid Chemicals Using

Dropper

Transferring Liquid Using