BIOL 2160 LSU Crousillac Exam 5

Main functions of the kidneys

-maintain H2O balance

-osmolarity

-ECF volume

-plasma volume

-acid/base balance

-excretion of wastes

The kidneys are the main route for eliminating:

toxic metabolic wastes & foreign compounds

T/F: Kidneys clean the blood.

true

The urinary system consists of:

the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

The ureters are made of which kind of muscle?

smooth (involuntary)

Nephrons are the __________ units of the kidneys.

functional

The vascular component of the nephron:

glomerulus

The tubular component of the nephron consists of:

-Bowman's capsule

-Proximal tubule

-Loop of Henle

-Distal tubule

-Collecting duct

Glomerular filtration

filtration of plasma from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule

Tubular reabsorption

selective movement of filtered substances from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries

Tubular secretion

selective movement of nonfiltered substances from the peritubular capillaries to the tubular lumen

What percent of plasma that enters the glomerulus is not filtered?

80%

Urine is formed during which renal process?

glomerular filtration

Reabsorbed substances must cross which five barriers?

-luminal membrane

-cytosol

-basolateral membrane

-interstitial fluid

-capillary wall

67% of Na+ that is reabsorbed is through the:

proximal tubule

80% of the total energy spent by the kidneys is used to:

transport Na+

Which barrier does Na+ cross during reabsorption?

the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell

Which substances are reabsorbed by sodium-dependent, secondary active transport?

glucose and amino acids

We reabsorb urea into the bloodstream to get which substances?

sodium, amino acids, & glucose

Tubular secretion is the opposite of which process?

tubular reabsorption

Why is urine known to be sterile?

the pH of urine is too low for most bacteria to grow in it

H+ ions secreted into tubules are important because:

they regulate acid-base balance

The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to:

water

The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to:

NaCl

Vasopressin is also known as:

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

What is the main job of vasopressin?

to concentrate urine

Vasopressin-controlled, variable water reabsorption occurs in the:

distal tubule & collecting duct

The secretion of vasopressin increases the permeability of tubule cells in the distal tubule & collecting duct by:

inserting aquaporins

What are aquaporins?

water channels

What organ secretes vasopressin?

the hypothalamus

Alcohol inhibits:

ADH

Micturition is known as:

the act of releasing urine from the body

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

motility, secretion, digestion, & absorption

Propulsive movements:

push contents forward through the digestive tract

Mixing movements:

mix food with digestive juices and facilitate absorption

Secretions of the digestive system consist mostly of:

water, electrolytes, & specific organic consituents

Carbohydrates are broken down into:

monosaccharides

Proteins are broken down into:

amino acids

Fats are broken down into:

fatty acids and glycerol

Enzymatic hydrolysis:

the splitting of macromolecules from food by the enzymatic addition of water

What are the four major tissue layers of the digestive tract?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Submucosa provides the digestive tract with:

elasticity

The muscularis externa is made up of which kind of muscle?

smooth muscle

Contraction of the circular layer of muscularis externa:

decreases the diameter of the lumen

Contraction of the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa:

shortens the tube

Serosa

secretes very thick serous fluid which lubricates digestive organs & surrounding viscera

The tongue is composed of which kind of muscle?

skeletal

Saliva is composed of:

H2O, electrolytes, & proteins

Which enzyme begins digestion of carbohydrates?

salivary amylase

Lysozyme

enzyme that kills bacteria

Saliva is rich in:

bicarbonate buffers

Swallowing is divided into two stages:

-oropharyngeal stage

-esophageal stage

The esophagus has two sphincters:

-pharyngoesophageal

-gastroesophageal

The stomach secretes:

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

The pyloric sphincter serves as a barrier between:

the stomach & the upper part of the small intestine

What is the first part of the small intestine?

duodenum

What are the four aspects of gastric motility?

filling, storage, mixing, emptying

The amount of chyme in the stomach promotes ____________.

emptying

Which factors in the duodenum prevent emptying?

-fat

-pH

-hypertonicity

-distension

What additional factors influence gastric motility?

emotions and pain

Pepsinogen

begins protein digestion when activated

HCl activates:

pepsinogen

Which bacteria can survive in the low pH environment of the stomach?

Salmonella & E. Coli

The intrinsic factor facilitates reabsorption of:

vitamin B12

Secretin

stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate buffer

Gastrin

stimulates chief and parietal cells to secrete HCl

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

stimulates the pancreas to release lipase, as well as proteolytic enzymes

Cephalic phase

secretion of HCl and pepsinogen in response to stimuli from the brain

Gastric phase

arrival of food in stomach

Intestinal phase

inhibitory phase that helps shut off gastric secretions

Endocrine function of the pancreas

secretion of insulin and glucagon in the Islet of Langerhans

Exocrine function of the pancreas

secretes bicarbonate buffer

Typsin

breaks down proteins

Chymotrypsin

trypsin found in chyme

Carboxypeptidase

pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion

Pancreatic amylase

breaks down carbohydrates

Pancreatic lipase

breaks down fats

Bile is made up of

cholesterol (fat)

Bile salts are derivatives of

cholesterol

Bile salts convert large fat globules into

smaller particles

What is the primary method of motility in the small intestine?

segmentation

The lining of the small intestine is replaced every _________ days.

three

Absorption in the small intestine occurs mostly in the:

duodenum & jejunum

The large intestine is known as a:

drying organ

Diarrhea is the result of:

feces passing to quickly through the large intestine without water being removed

The large intestine consists of:

-colon

-cecum

-appendix

-rectum

The internal anal sphincter is comprised of which type of muscle?

smooth

The external anal sphincter is comprised of which type of muscle?

skeletal

Innate immunity

immunity a person is born with

Adaptive immunity

the result of previous exposure to specific pathogens either through contraction or immunization

What is the natural pH of the skin?

3-5

What is the purpose of lysozyme?

destroys bacteria

What are the four types of phagocytic white blood cells?

-neutrophils

-macrophages

-eosinophils

-dendritic cells

What are some examples of antimicrobial proteins?

antibodies, pyrogens, interferon

Interferons are released by:

virally-infected cells that helps healthy cells resist infection

What is another name for macrophages?

cytokines

Mast cells are also called:

histamines

Natural killer cells attack:

body cells that are infected or cancerous (APOPTOSIS)

What are the main objectives of the acquired immune response?

1. recognize

2. attack

3. remember

What does humoral mean?

blood