IAPS - unit one

social science

The study of human society, thought, culture and behaviour

What do social scientists do?

field work, research published in journals, lots of time on computers, differing work environments

anthropology

The study of the lives and cultures of human beings

psychology

the scientific study of behaviour and the mind

sociology

the systematic study of human relationships within social organizations

what is the basis for social sciences

scientific observation

current issues in anthro

gangs, religion, biology/genetics/evolution, primate behaviour, cults, human cultures (ex: teenage culture), ethic groups in Canada, social organization

current issues in psychology

suicide and depression, mental illness, the self/self-image, eating disorders, violence, child development, learning, reasoning, dreams/fantasies, thoughts/feelings/emotions, stress

current issues in sociology

poverty, racism, abuse, criminology/deviance, role of new tech, marriage/family, multiculturalism, prisons, unemployment

origins of the social sciences

created as a response to the age of enlightenment, wanted to shine a light on the world

social science venn diagram

what is anthro

the broad study of humankind around the world and throughout time

what are the two aspects of humans that anthro is concerned with?

biological and cultural

main subdivisions of anthro

physical, cultural, archaeology and linguistic

physical anthro

bio evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability/variation, primatology, fossil records, and forensic anthro

cultural anthro

culture, ethnocentrism, cultural aspects of lang and comm, subsistence and other economic patters, kinship, sex, marriage, socialization, social control, political organization, class, ethnicity, gender, religion, and culture change

linguistic anthro

human comm process focusing on the importance of socio-cultural infulences, nonverbal comm; and the structure, function and history of languages/dialects

what is the best way to get to know another society and its culture?

Participant observation - live in it as an active participant

how to get accepted as a member of a society you don’t belong to

By physically and emotionally participating in the social interaction of the host society

four classifications of culture

physical environment, level of technology, social organization, system of symbols

physical environment explanation

physical geography, weather, etc ➡️length of winter may effects popular sports or fashion

level of technology

the degree of tech determines how receptive a culture will be to change/how well they will adapt

social organization

how is culture organzied? kinship system? how is labour divided?

system of symbols

physical objects, gestures, dance trends, hairstyles, etc

what is sociology?

study of social life, social change, social causes and consequences of human behaviour

What does sociology look at?

development and structure of human societ (institutions) and how it works, the structure of groups, orgs, and societies, and how people interact in these contexts

status

term used to decribe our position within an institution

values

each role/status has values that the practitioner of that role is expected to accept and internalize

norms

rules set of for a particular role that are considered standard behaviour (priests being celibate)

rules

developed by a culture based on their system of values (can be formal laws or things that are just accepted ex: snitches get stiches)

structural functionalism

each society should provide its members with the fundamental requirements for functioning; systems fufill material needs, socializing/educating the young, regulating human reproduction, etc

what do structural-functionalists believe their role is?

to try to explain the role of sciety’s systems in enabling human society to function

what do structural functionsits concern themselves with instead of change?

how society works to meet their needs

what do sybolic interactionalists believe about instinct?

humans have complex brains and little instinctive behaviour

what does symbolic interactionism say about meanining?

we give meaning to things based on our social interactions and this meaning is not permanent; we base interactions on our interpetation of symbols which can change

what did karl marx see as the driving force of history

material concerns (relationship between the classes)

what did marx think social change came from?

competiton/conflicts between social classes battling for power and economic resources

conflict/marxist theory

conflict propels change to the economic system and/or to society as a whole

what do conflict theorists study?

competition for power between different groups (constant struggle between those who have power and those who do not)

those who have ____ seek to keep it away from those who do not

power

what do conflict theorists believe about social institutions

created to perpetuate the division between that powerful and the powerless

what did feminist theorists conclude?

women were marginalized, deprived of power and without equal membership in society

what do feminsit theorists focus on?

gender inequality, the role of women, discrimination agaisnt women, sex and gender issues

what is the goal of feminist theory?

raise issues of inequalities and bring about change

bystander effect

Diminished sense of personal responsibility to act when in a big group

what is psychology?

study of how and why humand act as they do

what do psychologists focus on?

the idividuals, personal and unique experiences that influence how the individual acts and thinks

what do psychologists do?

work to describe explain predict anf control behaviour and mental processes.

Work to help people overcome fear, cope with illness, understans senses and makes their lives happier and safer

types of psychology

biological, psychoanalytical, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, evolutionary, sociocultural

biological psych

the roles of bio process and heredity in explaining behaviour

behavioural psych

the role of environment in shaping and controlling behaviour

humanistic psch

the importance of the indiv’s subjective experience as a key to understanding behaviour

evolutionary psych

the role of interited tendencies that have proven adaptive in humans

sociocultural psych

the effect of society on culture and behaviour

cognitive psych

the importance of mental processes that underlie behaviour

psychoanalytic psych

role of unconcious motivation and early childhood experiences in determining behaviour and thought

what are the two parts of our mind

the concious and unconsious

psychoanalytic theory

our unconsicous mind has more influence than our consicous mind on our personalities and behaviour

three parts of the unconscious mind

id, superego, ego

what does the id do?

encourages us to seek physical satisfaction, can be self-destructive

what does the superego do?

encourges us to do the moral thing, no the one that feels best

what does the ego do?

acts as a referee between the other two, and deals with external reality

freuds psychosexual theory of development

belief that personality was developed based on how we deal with toilet and sexual functions (if we deal with them with acceptance and openness we are happy, confident, etc; if we deal with them with shame and guilt we are nervous, insecure, etc)

five stanges of psychosexual theory of development

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

oral stage (birth - 18 months) - id’s pleasure focus

on oral gratification (sucking on bottle, placing things in mouth)

oral stage - signs the id won

overeating, smoking, nail-biting

anal stage (18 months - 3 yrs) - id’s pleasure focus

on bowel pleasure, resisting toilet training (coming to terms with society’s control relating to toilet training

anal stage - signs the id won

meanness, resentment of authority, obsessive neatness

phallic stage (3-6 yrs) - id’s pleasure focus

awarness of sex organs, love/hate relationship with same sex parent (oedipus complex)

phallic stage - signs the id won

selfishness, manipulativeness, poor opposite sex relationships

latency phase (6 yrs - puberty) - id’s pleasure focus

on same-sex friends, few friends of opposite sex (sexual concerns are unimportant)

latancy phase - signs the id won

lack of close friends

genital phase (adolenscence to adulthood) - id’s pleasure focus

dating and marriage, sexual energy (mature sexual relationships)

genital phase - signs the id won

guilt about sexuality, feelings of inadequacy, poor sexual relationships

what do learning theorists say about instinct?

humans are born with very little instinct, but much learning potential

what do learning theorists belive about human behaviour?

it is learned, especially in children and youth

how can society influence individual’s personalities?

contolling the way they learn beahviours (ex: brought up in a loving family = become secure/loving adults, if parents provided clear expectations for good behaviour and swift but fair consequences for bad behaviour

what do behaviourists belive?

psuchologists can predict, and control/modify human behaviours by identifying the factors that motivate it

what do behavioursists believe about the rules/practices parents used to raise their children?

they have a huge infulence of an individual’s character (even into adulthood)

what did alfred adler beleive

if people don’t overcome their difficulties in gaining self-esteen and recognition, it could lead conpensatory behaviour and an inferiority complex

what did Carl Jung identify?

the terms extrovert (outwards looking and rely on others for well-being) and introvert (inwards looking and wellbeing comes from within)

what did pavlov pioneer

classical conditioning

classical conditioning

a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus

what did bf skinner pioneer?

operant conditioning

operant conditioning

a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour