anatomy

levels of organization from simplest to most complex

• molecule

• cell

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organism

myocardial infarction

Death of heart muscle due to blocked blood flow.

Fibrillation

Abnormal heart rhythm causing rapid, irregular contractions.

Tachycardia

Abnormally fast heart rate.

Bradycardia

Abnormally slow heart rate.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Hypotension

Low blood pressure.

Systolic

pressure is the pressure during ventricular contraction

Diastolic

pressure is the pressure during ventricular relaxation.

Vasoconstriction

narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.

Vasodilation

widens blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.

sinoatrial (SA) node

to start each heartbeat and set the rhythm for the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

to delay and move electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles

atrioventricular (AV) bundle

The AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles and is located in the interventricular septum.

Purkinje fibers

to move electrical signals from the base of the ventricles toward the top of the heart

systole v. diastole

Systole is the contraction phase, diastole is the relaxation phase.

valves

four valves in the heart

AV valves

AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. They are open during heart relaxation (diastole) and closed during ventricular contraction (systole).

semilunar valves

Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction. They are closed during diastole and open during ventricular contraction (systole).

path of blood thru heart and lungs

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation, returning to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and finally to the body.

heart location

Center slightly to the left

Pericardium

protective sac around the heart.

atria v. ventricles

Atria are smaller, upper chambers that receive blood. Ventricles are larger, lower chambers that pump blood out.

isometric - muscle tenses up but does not change length (ex. plank)

isotonic - muscle changes length (ex. push ups)

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining balance in the both in a changing environment

Receptor

receives info from environment

Effector

responds to commands from control center/enacts change

control center

processes info

sensory v. motor

Sensory bring signals in CNS vs Motor bring signals out CNS

CNS v. PNS

CNS=Brain and spinal cord. PNS=Nerves outside brain and spinal cord

parasympathetic v. sympathetic

Parasympathetic=relaxed & digestion. Sympathetic=fight or flight response

afferent v. efferent

afferent ARRIVES in brain, efferent EXITS

3 layers of meninges

Outside to inside - Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Cushions the CNS from shock, provides nutrients, and removes waste.

Concussion

A mild traumatic brain injury that affects brain function. Effects are often short term and can include headaches and trouble with concentration, memory, balance, mood and sleep.

stroke (CVA)

When something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Parts of the brain become damaged or die.

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. A TIA usually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause long-term damage.

Origin

The point where a muscle starts and stays still during movement

Insertion

The point where a muscle ends and moves towards the origin during movement

Flexion

Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two body parts

Extension

Straightening a joint to increase the angle between two body parts

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body

agonist (prime mover)

The main muscle responsible for a movement

Antagonist

The muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

arteries v. veins - number of layers, presence of valves, mass of muscle tissue, direction of flow:

• Three layers in arteries and veins

• Arteries have teacher muscle tissue than veins

• Artiers flow blood away from heart

• Veins flow blodd towards the heart

pulmonary v. systemic circulation

• Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation 

• Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body. 

• The right side of the heart drives pulmonary circulation 

• The left side drives systemic circulation.

Sliding Filament Model - model of muscle contraction

• calcium - activates binding sites on actin filament

• myosin - protein with head that attaches to actin and performs power stroke (thick filament)

• actin - protein that myosin head pulls in power stroke, causing muscle to shorten (thin filament)

• sarcomere - basic unit of muscle contraction, shortens as actin filaments are pulled toward center

Brain function

• cerebral cortex - control voluntary skeletal muscle, intellectual and emotional processing

• thalamus - relays impulses to cerebral cortex

• hypothalamus - regulation of autonomic nervous functions, regulates temp, water balance, food

• limbic system - mediates emotional response

• medulla oblongata - relays sensory input, controls HR, respiratory rate

• cerebellum - smooths skeletal muscle movements, regulates balance and posture