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levels of organization from simplest to most complex
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
myocardial infarction
Death of heart muscle due to blocked blood flow.
Fibrillation
Abnormal heart rhythm causing rapid, irregular contractions.
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heart rate.
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart rate.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Hypotension
Low blood pressure.
Systolic
pressure is the pressure during ventricular contraction
Diastolic
pressure is the pressure during ventricular relaxation.
Vasoconstriction
narrows blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
Vasodilation
widens blood vessels, decreasing blood pressure.
sinoatrial (SA) node
to start each heartbeat and set the rhythm for the heart
atrioventricular (AV) node
to delay and move electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular (AV) bundle
The AV bundle conducts the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles and is located in the interventricular septum.
Purkinje fibers
to move electrical signals from the base of the ventricles toward the top of the heart
systole v. diastole
Systole is the contraction phase, diastole is the relaxation phase.
valves
four valves in the heart
AV valves
AV valves (tricuspid and mitral) prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. They are open during heart relaxation (diastole) and closed during ventricular contraction (systole).
semilunar valves
Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles after contraction. They are closed during diastole and open during ventricular contraction (systole).
path of blood thru heart and lungs
Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation, returning to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and finally to the body.
heart location
Center slightly to the left
Pericardium
protective sac around the heart.
atria v. ventricles
Atria are smaller, upper chambers that receive blood. Ventricles are larger, lower chambers that pump blood out.
isometric - muscle tenses up but does not change length (ex. plank)
isotonic - muscle changes length (ex. push ups)
Homeostasis
The process of maintaining balance in the both in a changing environment
Receptor
receives info from environment
Effector
responds to commands from control center/enacts change
control center
processes info
sensory v. motor
Sensory bring signals in CNS vs Motor bring signals out CNS
CNS v. PNS
CNS=Brain and spinal cord. PNS=Nerves outside brain and spinal cord
parasympathetic v. sympathetic
Parasympathetic=relaxed & digestion. Sympathetic=fight or flight response
afferent v. efferent
afferent ARRIVES in brain, efferent EXITS
3 layers of meninges
Outside to inside - Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Cushions the CNS from shock, provides nutrients, and removes waste.
Concussion
A mild traumatic brain injury that affects brain function. Effects are often short term and can include headaches and trouble with concentration, memory, balance, mood and sleep.
stroke (CVA)
When something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Parts of the brain become damaged or die.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. A TIA usually lasts only a few minutes and doesn't cause long-term damage.
Origin
The point where a muscle starts and stays still during movement
Insertion
The point where a muscle ends and moves towards the origin during movement
Flexion
Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two body parts
Extension
Straightening a joint to increase the angle between two body parts
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
agonist (prime mover)
The main muscle responsible for a movement
Antagonist
The muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
arteries v. veins - number of layers, presence of valves, mass of muscle tissue, direction of flow:
Three layers in arteries and veins
Arteries have teacher muscle tissue than veins
Artiers flow blood away from heart
Veins flow blodd towards the heart
pulmonary v. systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenationÂ
Systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body.Â
The right side of the heart drives pulmonary circulationÂ
The left side drives systemic circulation.
Sliding Filament Model - model of muscle contraction
calcium - activates binding sites on actin filament
myosin - protein with head that attaches to actin and performs power stroke (thick filament)
actin - protein that myosin head pulls in power stroke, causing muscle to shorten (thin filament)
sarcomere - basic unit of muscle contraction, shortens as actin filaments are pulled toward center
Brain function
cerebral cortex - control voluntary skeletal muscle, intellectual and emotional processing
thalamus - relays impulses to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus - regulation of autonomic nervous functions, regulates temp, water balance, food
limbic system - mediates emotional response
medulla oblongata - relays sensory input, controls HR, respiratory rate
cerebellum - smooths skeletal muscle movements, regulates balance and posture