A Level Psychology, 4.2.3 - Research Methods

repeated measures / independent groups / matched pairs

repeated measures / independent groups / matched pairs

What are the types of experimental design?

laboratory / field / natural / quasi

What are the types of experimental method?

random

_____________ sample: each member of the target population has a mathematically equal chance of being in the experiment’s sample.

systematic

_____________ sample: participants are chosen from a list of the target population. Every Nth participant is chosen to form the sample.

opportunity

_____________ sample: the searcher directly asks available members of the target population to take part in the research. This is likely to be individuals the researcher has easy access to and is familiar with.

volunteer

_____________ sample: participants offer to take part after finding out about the research (they are not directly asked by the researcher). This is likely after seeing an advert in a newspaper or online.

stratified

_____________ sample: by selecting from within strata, the characteristics of participants within the sample are in the sanme proportion as found within the target population.

mean / median / mode

What are the measures of central tendency?

range / standard deviation

What are the measures of dispersion?

nominal / ordinal / interval / ratio

What are the 4 main types of data?

ordinal / scale / surveys / Spearman’s rho, Wilcoxon test or Mann-Whitney test

_________ Data

• Data that falls along a ________.

• It relates measurements to the same variable.

• Often seen in ___________.

• Analysed through ____________________.

interval / scale / objective / Pearson’s r-test, unrelated t-test or related t-test

_________ Data

• Data that falls along a ______.

• The unit is equally sized and is _________.

• Analysed through ____________________.

ratio / scale / absolute zero / Pearson’s r test, unrelated t-test or related t-test

________ Data

• Data that falls along a ______.

• Set to an ____________ and there can be no negative values.

• Analysed through ____________________.

nominal / categories / frequency / sign test or Chi-squared test

____________ Data

• Data that fits into distinct ___________.

• Nominal data is collected by counting the ____________ of each category.

• Analysed through ___________________.

positive / rejects / lenient

Type I error

• False _____________.

• _______ the null hypothesis, but actually a possibility that the results were due to chance.

• Often caused by an overly ______________ significance level.

negative / accepts / strict

Type II Error

• False ____________.

• _______ the null hypothesis, when there is a possibility that the results were significant.

• Often caused by using an overly ___________ significance level.

5%

What is the common level of significance in psychology?

mode is higher than mean & median / left

What is negatively-skewed data? What direction is the skew towards?

mode is lower than mean & median / right

What is positively-skewed data? What direction is the skew towards?

repeated measures / nominal data

The Sign Test

• Test of difference.

• Used to compare scores in data sets from a _________________ design.

• Converts the score changes into ______________.

equal to or greater than critical values

For Chi-squared, what do calculated values need to be in order to be significant?

(no of rows - 1)(no of columns - 1)

How is the degrees of freedom calculated?

Mann-Whitney

Which non-parametric test requires ordinal data and an independent measures design?

Chi-squared

Which non-parametric test requires nominal data and an independent measures design?

Wilcoxon

Which non-parametric test requires ordinal data and a repeated measures or matched pairs design?

spearman’s rho

Which non-parametric test requires ordinal data and a correlation?

sign test

Which non-parametric test requires nominal data and a repeated measures or matched pairs design?

interval or ratio / normally distributed / standard deviations

Conditions for parametric testing

• Data is ____________.

• Data is _________________.

• ____________________ (variances) for the two sets of data are similar.

related t-test

Which non-parametric test requires interval or ratio data and a repeated measures or matched pairs design?

unrelated t-test

Which non-parametric test requires interval or ratio data and an independent measures design?

pearson’s

Which non-parametric test requires interval or ratio data and a correlation?

collective evidence body, theories & results that define certain scientific aspects

What is a paradigm?

Kuhn

Who stated that for something to be a science, it had to be based on a paradigm?

assumptions / scientific methods / terminology

What did Kuhn say that science should have a shared set of?

social science / not one unifying theory upon which we could test ideas

What did Kuhn argue that psychology is? Why?

scientific theories are abstract so science should be falsifiable

What did Popper argue?

observational / on surface data / beneath surface data

Content Analysis

• A kind of _______________ study in which people are usually studied indirectly via the communications they produced. This includes visual, written or verbal material (non-numerical data). May involve either qualitative or quantitative analysis, or both.

• What is manifest content?

• What is latent content?

data collection / data familiarisation / coding unit identification / coding unit application / coding unit frequency tally

How is content analysis conducted?

data familiarisation / coding / theme search / theme review / theme definition & naming / writing up

What are the stages of thematic analysis?