AP world

What major global shift occurred from 1450 to 1750?

Power shifted from land based empires to European seaborne empires.

Did Europeans invent most maritime technologies?

No, they adopted technologies from other cultures.

What technology helped sailors determine direction?

Magnetic compass.

What technology helped sailors calculate latitude?

Astrolabe.

What was the lateen sail and why was it important?

A triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind.

Who developed advanced astronomical charts used by Europeans?

Muslim scholars building on Greek knowledge.

What was the design advantage of the Portuguese caravel?

Small, agile, cannon equipped ship for exploration and warfare.

Why was the Portuguese carrack developed?

To carry more cargo and guns for long distance trade.

What made the Dutch fluyt unique?

Huge cargo capacity, small crew, cheap to build, designed only for trade.

Why were Dutch fluyts so impactful?

They carried about half of Europe's shipping tonnage by the mid 1600s.

Why was exploration state sponsored?

Monarchs consolidated power and could fund navies and exploration.

What economic goal drove exploration?

Finding cheaper access to Asian spices by avoiding land routes.

Why were spices expensive before exploration?

Land based empires controlled trade routes.

Which European country led early exploration?

Portugal.

Why did Portugal look to the sea?

It was blocked from land expansion.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

Portuguese royal who sponsored early maritime exploration.

What were Prince Henry's three motivations?

Technology, wealth, and spreading Christianity.

What was Portugal's trading post empire?

A network of fortified ports controlling trade routes.

How did Portugal dominate Indian Ocean trade?

Used heavily armed ships to force control.

Who sailed around Africa to reach India?

Vasco da Gama.

What city revealed the wealth of Indian Ocean trade to Portugal?

Calicut.

Who sponsored Columbus's westward voyage?

Spain.

What happened in 1492?

Columbus reached the Caribbean.

What major mistake did Columbus make?

He believed he reached the East Indies.

Who completed the first circumnavigation?

Ferdinand Magellan's expedition.

Why did Spain begin colonization?

Discovery of vast new lands and resources.

Why did France explore North America?

Searching for a Northwest Passage and fur trade.

What was England's first successful colony?

Jamestown (1607).

Why did England expand after defeating Spain?

The Spanish Armada's defeat weakened Spain.

How did the Dutch become a major power?

Independence from Spain and commercial wealth.

Who founded New Amsterdam?

Henry Hudson for the Dutch.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Transfer of goods, people, animals, and diseases between hemispheres.

What caused the Columbian Exchange?

Sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.

What event triggered sustained contact?

Columbus's voyage in 1492.

What was the Great Dying?

Massive Indigenous population loss from disease.

Which disease was most devastating?

Smallpox.

Why were Indigenous Americans vulnerable to disease?

No prior immunity.

What was a consequence of Indigenous population collapse?

Easier European colonization.

What Old World crops were brought to the Americas?

Wheat, grapes, olives, bananas, sugar.

What New World crops spread globally?

Maize, potatoes, manioc (cassava).

What global effect did new crops have?

Population growth.

What is a cash crop?

Food grown for export, not local use.

What was the most important plantation crop?

Sugar.

Who labored on plantations?

Enslaved Africans.

What animals transformed Indigenous societies?

Horses.

What environmental effect did livestock cause?

Overgrazing and erosion.

What motivated European empire building?

Gold, God, and Glory.

How did Portugal control trade?

Armed trading post empire.

How did Spain control territory?

Large land based colonies.

What method did Spain use in the Philippines?

Tribute systems and coerced labor.

How did the Dutch gain dominance?

Replaced Portugal using fluyts and joint trade power.

How did Britain initially control India?

Coastal trading posts.

What changed Indian Ocean trade?

European attempts at domination.

What stayed the same in Indian Ocean trade?

Asian merchants continued participating.

Why did profits increase for Asian merchants?

Increased trade traffic.

How did Tokugawa Japan resist Europeans?

Expelled missionaries and isolated.

Why did Japan fear Christianity?

It threatened political unity.

How did Ming China resist European trade?

Isolationist policies.

Which African states benefited from trade?

Asante Empire and Kingdom of the Congo.

What goods did the Asante trade?

Gold, ivory, enslaved people.

Why did Congo convert to Christianity?

To strengthen Portuguese ties.

What is mercantilism?

State driven system focused on accumulating gold and silver.

What is a favorable balance of trade?

Exports exceed imports.

Why were colonies important to mercantilism?

Guaranteed markets for exports.

What is a joint stock company?

State approved, investor funded business.

What does limited liability mean?

Investors only lose what they invest.

Which joint stock company was most powerful?

Dutch East India Company (VOC).

Why did joint stock companies help empires grow?

Reduced risk and expanded reach.

Why did Spain and Portugal decline?

Relied on state funding, not joint stock companies.

What new trade system emerged?

Atlantic System.

What were the three main Atlantic exchanges?

Goods, silver, labor.

Where did most silver come from?

Potosí, Bolivia.

Why did China demand silver?

Taxes required silver payments.

What labor systems supported Atlantic trade?

Enslaved Africans, indentured servants, forced Indigenous labor.

What continuity existed in Afro Eurasian trade?

Regional markets remained strong.

Who were artisans?

Skilled handcraft workers.

What was the Fronde?

French noble rebellion against Louis XIV.

Why did the Fronde fail?

Monarchy crushed resistance.

Who was Queen Nzinga?

African ruler who resisted Portuguese expansion.

How did Queen Nzinga resist?

Alliances and military resistance.

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

Indigenous uprising against Spanish rule (1680).

Who led the Pueblo Revolt?

Popé.

What was the result of the Pueblo Revolt?

Temporary Spanish removal.

What were Maroon societies?

Communities of escaped enslaved Africans.

Where were Maroon societies common?

Caribbean and Brazil.

Why were Maroons hard to defeat?

Remote terrain and guerrilla tactics.

What treaty recognized Maroon freedom?

Jamaica treaty of 1738.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

Enslaved uprising in South Carolina (1739).

What was the outcome of the Stono Rebellion?

Rebellion crushed but caused fear.