Psych Midtern #3

What is the definition of stages and continous Development

it is defined by age, because it depends on changes in the body whihc are marked by age

What is the critical period?

needed periods for the proper development needed for the brain to develope normally (i.e. prenatal, sensory development)

What are sensitive periods?

periods in which can be done at anytime they are not requiered for the brain to develop but the help us become human (i.e. language, emotional regulation)

What is nature vs nurture?

THe debate of whether man kind is developed by predisposition genetic information (nature) or if they are developed by influences from the envirnoment (nuture)

What are some characteristics of Nature vs. Nurture?

Endogenous and Exogenous

What is Endogenous?

biological programmed unfolding (nature)

What are exogenous?

experiences have greater impact (nurture)

What are genotypes?

The genetic makeup that make up phenotypes

What are phenotypes?

the physical traits that we can see (i.e. blue eyes)

Recessive or Dominant gene

What is a Recessive gene?

A gene that is not expresses in the phenotype

What is a dominant gene?

A gene which is expressed in the physical body

How many chromosomes do we have?

46 (23 from mom 23 from dad)

What genotype do female chromosome carry?

2 X

What genotype do men chromosome carry?

1 X and 1 Y

Which sex chromosome carry more genes?

the X is larger

What is the Human Genome Project

Were scientist have identified all the human genes

How many stages does prenatal development have

it has 3

What is the first stage of prenatal development?

Germinal Stage

How long does the Germinal Stage last for?

first 2 weeks

what is the second stage in prenatal development

Embryonic Stage

How long does the embryonic stage last?

weeks 3 to 8 about 6 weeks

What happens in the Embryonic Stage?

Rapid growth and cell differentiation, Amniotic sac and umbilical cord are formed

What are teratogens?

Malignant agents that can cause birth defect or disrupt fetal development mostly in the Embryonic statge

what is the third stage of prenatal development?

fetal stage

How long is fetal stage?

Week 8 until brith

What happends in fetal stage

starts to move arms, legs, mouth, and head; brain cells are produced, and their is brain activity close to one of a newborn

In infancy what are competent newborn traits?

Reflexes and Keenly attuned

What are some traits of physical development in infancy?

Brain is 25% of adult weight, all neuron are there, dendrites increase, axons acquire myelin, and basic sequence of motor development.

Motor Development: 2 months

Lifts head up

Motor Development: 2 ½ months

rolls over

Motor Development: 3 months

sits propped up

Motor Development: 6 months

sits without support

Motor Development: 6 ½ months

stands holding on

Motor Development: 9 months

walks holding on

Motor Development: 10 months

stands momentarily

Motor Development: 11 months

stands alone

Motor Development: 12 months

walks alone

Motor Development: 14 months

walks backwards

Motor Development: 17 months

walks up steps

Motor Development: 20 months

kicks ball fowards

what is cephalocaudal

head to tail

what is proximodistal

close to far

What was Chess and Thomas theory for temperament?

Easy, Difficult, and slow to warm up

What are the emotions in dimensions of temperament by Rothbart?

Soothability, Fearful distress, irritable distress, and Positive affect

What is Soothability?

Child ability to reduce crying when caregiver intervents

What is fearful distress?

Child’s mental state where he feels suffering characterized by panic and anxiety.

What is irritable distress?

state of anger, impatience, and annoyance caused by being depressed or sad.

What is positive affect?

Individual experiences joy, enthusiam, and contenment

What is attachment?

An indicator of early parent-child bond

What happen when a parent has low responsiveness and low control?

Permissive-indifferent

What happen when a parent has high responsiveness and low control?

permissive-indulgent

What happen when a parent has low responsiveness and high control?

Authoritarian

What happen when a parent has high responsiveness and high control?

Authoritative

How you can be an authoritative parent?

let your child knwo you love them, listen to them, teach discipline, work with temperament, understand their cognitive abilities based on their age, and don’t expect perfection

What are the points of the Piaget’s theory?

cognitive development is active, it has 4 stages, thinking is qualitatively in diff stages, and assimilation and accommodation

What is assimilation?

incorporate new information or experiemces into existing mental frameworks without changing them

What is accommodation

Altering existing mental structures in response to new information or experiences

At what age sensorimotor stage occur and what are some characteristics?

Birth to age 2. Sensing and manipulating objects, and object permanence

At what age preoperational stage occur and what are some characteristics?

2 to 7 years. symbolic thought, egocentrism, irreversibility, and centration

What is egocentrism?

inability to differentiate one’s own perspective, feelings from those to others. Assume their view of the world is the same one for other people.

What is irreversibility?

Cognitive limitation where children cannot mentally undo a sequence of events.

At what age concrete operational stage occurs and what are some characteristics?

7 to 11 years. Conservation, reversibility

At what age formal operational stage occurs and what are some characteristics?

11 years and up. Ability to think abstractly, use logic, and solve complex problems

What are some criticisms of Piaget?

Underestimated children abilities, suggested stages are universal, and underestimated the role of the social and environmental on development

What is creative in language?

Generative. the ability to generate an unlimited amount of meaninggul sentences

What is structured prescriptive in language?

The use of formal, rigid rules that dictate the “correct” way to use language

What is structured descriptive in laguage?

The unconscious, natural patterns, structures that native speakers use to speak

What is meaningful in language?

linguistic elements(words, phrases, etc.) that a person use to shape cognition and perception rather than just communicating information.

What is referential in language?

The use of words, phrases, or gestures in order to describe an specific object, person, or concept

What is interpersonal in language?

The exchange of information, emotions,and intentions between two or more people

What are Phonemes?

Basic language sounds

What are morphenes?

Smallest meaningful chunks

What is syntax?

The arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences

What is semantics?

The meaning of the words

What did Noam Chomsky stated?

The biological predisposition to learn language ,“A universal grammar”

What are the characteristics of infant-direct speech?

High pitch, exaggerated intonation, and diffrerent pronunciation

What happen during early infancy for language development?

Babies start recognizing phonemes and start crying

When does cooing start in early language development?

3 month. babies start vocalization

When does babbling start in early language development?

5 month. repetitive consonant-vowel sounds to practice control for speech

When does focus on phonemes of language start in early language development?

9 month. Smallest unit of sound that distinguish a meaning in a specific language

What happen in one word speaker?

first word( object/activity/person) accompanied by gestures

What happen in telegraphic or two word speaker?

Beginning to combine words. Use of appropriate grammar

What happen in speaer of sentences

Rapid increase of vocabulary. Proper verbs are use

What happen in overgeneralization?

Child start making mistakes in the verb tenses

What happen in expressive aphasia?

Loss of language(total or partial). Difficulties articulating words. Happens in the Broca’s area(Frontal lobe)

What happen in receptive aphasia?

Loss of language comprehension. Hear but do not recognize words. Happens in the Wernicke’s area(Temporal lobe)

What does puberty affect?

Affects the body and brain/cognition

What are some changes of the body during puberty?

Development of secondary sexual characteristics influenced by the pituitary gland

What are some changes of the brain during puberty?

increasing of myelination, synaptic pruning, prefrontal cortex development, increased risk taking, and abstract thinking

Puberty come 2 years earlier for boys or girls?

Girls

What are some negative outcomes of early puberty for girls?

Depression risk, eating disroder, pregnancy, substance abuse

What are the four theories of personality?

Psychoanalytic, humanistic, social-cognitive, and trait

What is psychoanalytic?

Psychological framework asserting that unconscious motives, childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships shape personality

What is humanistic theory?

Humans possessing free will, human potential. Conditional positive regard, conditions of worth

What is Social-cognitive?

Explains personality as the dynamic interaction between cognitive, behavior, and environmental context. Self efficacy

What is trait?

Identifying, measuring personality characteristics.

Dynamic theory of personality?

Topograpy(conscious, preconscious, unconscious)

What is ID-Libido?

The pleasure principle of people’s personality(desires)

What is Ego?

The reality principle(rational)

What is superego?

Morality principle(social rules,conscience)