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Potential energy
stored energy
kinetic energy
energy of motion
law of conservation of energy
energy can be converted from one form to another but can neither be created nor destroyed
work
force acting over a distance
temperature
measure of the random motions (average kinetic energy) of the components of a substance
heat
the flow of energy due to a temperature difference
system
the part of the universe on which action is being focused
surroundings
everything in the universe except a thermodynamic system
exothermic
a process in which energy (as heat) flows out of the system into the surroundings
endothermic
a process in which energy (as heat) flows from the surroundings into the system
thermodynamics
the study of energy
first law of thermodynamics
a law stating that the energy of the universe is constant
internal energy
the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in a sample of matter
calorie
a unit of measurement for energy, 1 calorie is the quantity of energy required to heat 1 gram of matter by 1 Celsius degree
joule
a unit of measurement for energy, 1 calorie = 4.184 joules
specific heat capacity
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature for 1 gram of a substance by 1 Celsius degree
enthalpy
energy flow as heat
calorimetry
the study of heat flow
Hess’s law
the change in enthalpy does not depend on the number of steps in the reaction
entropy
a function used to keep track of the natural tendency for the components of the universe to become disordered, a measure of disordered and randomness
second law of thermodynamics
the entropy of the universe is always increasing
spontaneous process
a process that occurs in nature without outside intervention (it happens “on its own”)
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