Horticulture Exam 2

Sport

mutation on branch

Hybrid

manipulated sexual reproduction of two plants

Hybrid Cultivar

if you try to breed from, will not get the hybrid again

Hybrid Notation

Hy. Cultivar: [species] x [cultivar epithet]

Hy. Species: [genus] x [specific epithet]

Hy. Genus: x [species]

Inflorescence

flowers in clusters; ex: hydrangeas

Emasculating

Removing parts of the flower

Registered Trademark names

name given to plant to market the plant or group of similar 

classify plants in 2 categories

Edible & Ornamental

Edible

Vegetables & Fruits

Ornamental

Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Ground Covers

Tree

ornamental plant that has an exposed trunk and canopy

Allee

trees bordering a path or greenery (tree alley)

Shrub

multi-stemmed with branches to the ground

“Limb up”

removing lower limbs from shrub to look like tree

Shrub & Tree confusion example

tsuga canadensis-hemlock trees can mature at 150 ft but sold and pruned to be sold as small shrubs/trees

Habit

natural shaped (vs pruned)

Vine vs Ground Cover

called based off how they grow; vines have extending branches

Growth Events

Flush, Flower, & Set Buds

Flush

Sudden growth in short time (springtime)

Flower (the growth event)

when flowers flower (shocker)

Set Buds

Buds becoming flowers or vegetative (leaves)

Winter Appearances (2)

Evergreen & Deciduous

Evergreen

Plants that retain each year’s set of leaves for 3-5 years, they die and fall off but its usually inside (like xmas tree)

Deciduous

Loses all its leaves every autumn

Growth Kind (2)

Woody & Herbaceous

Woody

tissue composed of hard permanent tissue (wood)

Herbaceous

soft, tender, succulent tissue

Temperature Tolerance (3)

Tropical, Subtropical, & Temperate

Tropical

will not tolerate freezing (32*F) and are often injured in cold

ex. bananas (which is in Musa genus) and tomatoes

Chilling Injury

between 33 & 55*F can get injured

First Frost Free Date  (FFFD)

date after chance of frost decreases

Last Frost Free Date

date after chances of frost increases

Subtropical

tolerate short periods of freezing but not for prolonged periods of time

citrus (orange and lemons)

Temperate

tolerate long periods of freezing and below for prolonged periods of time (days)

ex. apples, pears, cherries

Length of Life (3)

Annual, Biannual, & Perennial

Annuals

plants that only live for one growing season, usually killed by freezing temperature; aka “bedding plants”

Biannual 

completes its life cycle in two years; first year is vegetative growth, second is reproductive growth

ex. carrot; if you pulled out a wild carrot (Daucos carota) with flowers on it, it would not have carrot since the plants energy is all in the flower and not the root that year

Perennial

plants that live for 3 or more years; they go dormant in the cold

Volunteers

annuals that appear to act like perennials; plants that actually die but have “set seed” that is able to “over-winter” and germinate next season

ex. begonias & ferns; species specific

Mass Planting

using 3 or more plants to create a mass of plants

Temperate Plant Hardiness

based on average annual minimum winter temperature; broken up into 10*F zones 

Plant Taxonomy

identification & classification

Nomenclature

names

Anatomy

internal structure

Morphology

external structure

Physiology

what is going on inside

Classic Plant Parts (6)

Vegetative: Roots, Stems, Leaves

Reproductive: Flower, Fruit, Seed

Functions of Roots

Absorption, Anchorage, Transportation, Storage

Primary Root

first root to emerge from seed

Secondary Root

roots emerging from primary or secondary roots

Adventitious Roots

roots emerging from abnormal places; ex. root coming out of a branch cutting

Root Hairs

• single cell extensions of the epidermal cells

• most found closest to root tips

• increases surface area, 100x absorptive power

• gives off root exudates

Root Exudates

• attract beneficial microbes

• improve the chemical & physical properties of the soil

• improve the amount & availability of nutrients to the plants

• contains sugars, carbs, & protein

• improves Rhizosphere

Rhizosphere

2-3 mm zone around growing roots, very important for microbial activity

Specialized Roots (3)

Tap, Tuberous, & Aerial

Tap Root

large swollen primary root; ex. carrot

Tuberous Root

large swollen secondary root; ex. potatpes

Aerial Root

roots growing above ground, often adventitious but not always

Epiphyte

plants with aerial roots that grow on other plants, gets water from atmosphere

ex. 70% of all orchids have epiphytic roots which is why you put it in bark

Parasitic Plants

takes energy and nutrition from plant host

ex. mistletoe and Cuscuta americana (steals sugar since it doesn’t have it’s own chloroplast

Functions of Stems

Storage, Transportation, Support, Food Production

Stem Anatomy (2)

Terminal/Apical Bud & Lateral/Axillary Bud

Terminal/Apical Bud

comes out of the terminal (the end)

Lateral/Axillary Bud

comes out of the sides/axis

What do Buds do

they “break” (open up) and stem and leaves come out

Meristem

zone of active cell division, occurs in specific areas in a plant (geographic)

• primary/apical: at tip & length

• secondary/vascular: circular & girth

growth is episodic (periodic)

Apical Dominance

when apical meristem is present then the lateral buds don’t break; the farther the secondaries are the better they break, if you cut off the apical then the lateral buds all break (making bushier shrub)

Types of Stems

Prostate, Stolon, Rhizome, & Large Swollen Underground Stem

Prostate Stem

stems that runs along the ground

Stolon

a prostate stem that runs along the ground and produces a plantlet at tip

ex. strawberry & spider plant

Plantlet

a little plant that comes from the main plant

Rhizome

prostate stem that runs below ground and produces plantlet at tip

ex. bamboo & Polygonatum ordoratum “Variegatym” Varigated Solomon’s Seal

Tuber

large swollen underground stem

ex. Tuber Irish Potato, the eyes potatoes have are its nodes

how to distinguish root from stem

stems have nodes (where the buds and leaves come out of)

Function of Leaves

Food Production & Storage

Types of Leaves for Dicot & Angiospermae (2)

Simple & Compound

Simple Leaf

one blade & petiole/leaf stem

Compound Leaf

leaflets and petiole/leaf stem

Types of Leaves for Gymnospermae (3)

Needle, Scale, & Awl

Needle-like Leaves

needly leaves

Fascicle

bundle of needle-like leaves

Scale-like Leaves

very small scaly leaves that overlap each other

ex. cypress

Awl-like Leaves

awls are spikes that are used to puncture leather

Leaf Arrangement (3)

Opposite, Alternate, Whorld

Opposite Leaf Arrangement

ex. all acer (maple) & boxwood

Alternate Leaf Arrangement

ex. all quercus (oak), holly

Whorld Leaf Arrangement

3 or more at a node

Plant Failure caused by (2)

1. poor light relations (sugar)

2. soil issues (water & nutrition)

Plant Growth Necessities

Water, Nutrition, Sugar, Energy/ATP

Full Sun

min of 6 hours of direction unimpeded sunlight

anything less is partial sun

The Wholistic Plant Growth Processes (5)

Absorption, Translocation, Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Respiration

Absorption

water and nutrition (but in different ways); dependent on good soil practice

Osmosis

diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute to an area of higher solute concentration; no energy is needed

Carrier Molecule Theory

• nutrients gets absorbed like how forklift come gets things

• nutrient specific molecules (the forklifts) are responsible for nutrient uptake

• energy is expended (active transport)

Translocation

movement of material from one location to another; specific tissues are responsible for specific movements

Translocation Vessels

Xylem Vessel: water & nutrition go up

Phloem Vessel: sugar go up and down

Photosynthesis

most important process on earth because it cerates oxygen and only organism that makes its own sugar, without it we do not exist; process is a lot like baking cookies

Photosynthesis Ingredients

Water (H₂O) & Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

Photosynthesis Energy Source

Light (not limited to sunlight)

Photosynthesis Mixing Bowl

Leaves (sometimes Stems)