Urban Models and Economic Theories in Geography

Burgess Concentric Zone

City growth in concentric circles around CBD.

Hoyt Sector Model

City development in wedges along transportation routes.

Multiple-Nuclei Model

Cities develop around multiple distinct functional nodes.

Galactic Model

Decentralized city structure with multiple nodes.

Latin-American Model

Urban layout influenced by colonial powers.

South-Asian Model

Ports established by former colonial powers.

Sub-Saharan Model

Cities with three distinct CBDs.

European Cities

Mixed land use with historic urban cores.

Islamic Cities

Mosque-centered layout with defensive structures.

Least Cost Theory

Industries locate where transportation costs are minimized.

Bulk Gaining Products

Products heavier after production, closer to markets.

Bulk Reducing Products

Products lighter after production, closer to materials.

Walt Rostow's Stages

Five stages of economic growth development.

Dependency Theory

Peripheral countries suffer from core countries' practices.

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Economic systems categorized into core, semi-periphery, periphery.

Commodity Dependency Theory

Economic stability linked to commodity export reliance.

Special Economic Zone (SEZ)

Area with different trade laws to attract investment.

Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

SEZ subtype with reduced taxes and labor laws.

Free Trade Zone (FTZ)

Tax-free area for goods destined for export.

Post-Fordism

Manufacturing spread across multiple global sites.

Multiplier Effects

One job creation leads to additional job openings.

Just in Time Delivery

Manufacturing based on immediate consumer demand.

Agglomeration Businesses

Concentration of similar industry businesses in one area.

Gross National Product (GNP)

Total value of goods/services produced by citizens.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GNP limited to national borders for reliability.

Gross National Income (GNI)

Total income including overseas earnings.

GNI per capita

GNI divided by population, indicates individual wealth.

Income Distribution

Measures wealth inequality within a population.

Fertility Rates

Lower rates indicate higher levels of development.

Infant Mortality Rates

Higher healthcare access correlates with lower rates.

Gender Inequality Index

Measures equality of men and women in society.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Combines economic and social measures of development.