5 Section 3 'The Mid-Tudor Crisis': Elizabeth I 1558-1563

### What were the characters and aims of Elizabeth I?

__Character__

* compared to Mary she was…
* younger
* better educated
* shrewder grasp of politics + judge of character
* learned from M1’s mistakes

__Aims__

* not as heavily involved in gov like h7
* preserve prerogative power of Crown
* consolidate position
* settle religious issues
* peaceful settlement w/ France

### What was Elizabeth’s succession like? What was the legacy of Mary I?

(succession, condition of England)

\+ Mary recognised Liz as successor

\+ Mary’s councillors made no attempt to intefere w/ succession

\+ Philip of Spain sent envoy to recognise succession

\- bad harvest → food scarce + expensive

\- political + religious state delicate (changes to Catholic faith needed)

\- disastrous French war (loss of Calais)

\- marriage in endless speculation

### How did Elizabeth consolidate her power?

* acceptance of succession by Mary’s key councillors
* 9 of M1’s councillors rode to Hatfield to ensure loyalty
* William Cecil appointed principal secretary
* Took herself to the Tower of London on several occasions to show herself to new subjects + benefits from pageants
* *15 Jan* quick coronations (2 months)

### What was the Act of Supremacy?

%%Elizabethan religious settlement%%

1559

* restored in law the royal supremacy in Church, legislative authority for Crown to act in Church matters
* papal supremacy under M1 rejected → H8 reformation legislation restored
* Heresy law revived under M1 was repealed
* Described queen as ‘supreme governor’
* oath of supremacy to be taken by clergymen + church officials

### What was the Act of Uniformity?

%%Elizabethan religious settlement%%

1559

* made Protestantism England’s official faith
* specified one single Book of Common Prayer which set out rules of religious practice and worship
* modified version of Cranmer’s strongly Protestant book of 1552
* retained some Catholic traditions as compromise

### What were the Royal Injunctions?

%%Elizabethan religious settlement%%

* set of instructions about conduct of Church services
* injunctions enforced Protestant aspects of Church eg. Eucharist on Communion table not alter, removal of Catholic practices

### What was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?

@@England’s relations with foreign powers *1558-64*@@

1559

* France and Spain were in bad financial states, M1 lost Calais = bad war
* Peace treaty- France retained Calais for 8 years → returned to England if peace is kept; if failed to be returned France pay £125k to England

### **Why did Elizabeth intervene in Scotland?**

(cause)

@@England’s relations with foreign powers *1558-64*@@

* Francis II (m.MQS) accession after Henry II’s death bought Catholic Guise faction to power in France who set Fr troops to garrison Scot fortresses → conflicts w/ Lords of the Congregation (Calvinist)
* Cecil persuaded Liz to intervene despite little council support
* threatened to resign + pointed to MQS use of English coat of arms
* aimed to support protestants, remove MQS as potential claimant + incorporate Scotland as British state

### **What happened during Elizabeth’s intervention in Scotland?**

(support, outcome)

@@England’s relations with foreign powers *1558-64*@@

__Support__

* gave support initially through money + armaments
* *Feb 1560* Treaty of Berwick- sent English army and fleet to expel the french
* *March 1560* Seige of Leith- English force sent to attempt to remove French troops from Scotland

__Outcome__

* favourable terms in *July 1560* through Treaty of Edinburgh → Fr troops left peacefully
* Luck- siege failed but French withdrawal was force since fleet was damaged by storm + Mary of Guise died
* Lords of Congregation made provisional gov; Francis II dies Dec → Guises fell from power + MQS lost influence on France

### **Why did Elizabeth intervene in France**

(cause, support, outcome)

@@England’s relations with foreign powers *1558-64*@@

__Cause and support__

* *Mar 1562* conflict between Catholics + Protestant in Fr
* *1562* Treaty of Richmond- Liz promised Prince of Condé (Huguenot leader) economic aid, English troops to occupy Port of le Havre to pressure return of Calais
* Huguenots defeated, Condé captured; Duke of Guise (Catholic) assassinated → French sides united to drive England out of le Havre

__Outcome__

* → unfavourable *1564* Treaty of Troyes
* 120,000 payment to England but
* lost Calais permanently + break from Câteau-Cambrésis - blow to prestige
* → caution about supporting Protestant causes in Europe

### What problems were there and what solutions were offered to economic and social problems?

Impact of ^^economic^^ and social developments 1558-63

__Problems__

* high taxation
* wage cuts
* bad harvest
* high mortality rates

__Solutions__

* legislation proposed in 1st parliament
* instruction for JPs (ineffective)
* issuing royal proclamations (showed gov impotence)

### How did Elizabeth implement poor relief?

Impact of ^^economic^^ and social developments 1558-63

* Poverty and vagobondage widespread as ↑ pop means ↓ real wages + harvest failures → food shortage
* differentiated between ‘deserving’ and ‘underserving poor’
* limited assistance to deserving poor and punishment for other
* before reformation poor relief responsibility of Church
* 1552 + 55 + 63 ineffective parliament acts for poor relief
* local efforts (Ipswich + Norwich) more effective than national
* 1570s legislation began to be more effective

### How did Elizabeth stabilise the currency?

Impact of ^^economic^^ and social developments 1558-63

* early in reign- withdrew debased coins + replaced w/ soundly minted coins
* effectively re-established currency
* prices ↑ but gov became no longer responsible for problem

What was the impact of %%religious%% developments from *1558-63?*

* Elizabeth more conservative/ reluctant
* protestant exiles returned to England
* appointed new bishops incl. Matthew Parker, AB of Canterbury
* emphasised Erastian (state supremacy) nature of Church
* An apology of the Church of England by Bishop Jewel 1562
* Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion *1563* (reform doctrine)
* Calvinist doctrine but ‘half reformed structurally clerical dress, services