APUSH Unit 5: Progressivism at Home and Abroad Key Terms

Progressivism

Reform movement beginning in the late 1800s with the goal of improving life conditions through limiting big business powers, improving democracy, and promoting social justice. Members consisted of Protestants, African Americans, Unions, and Feminists.

Frederick Taylor

founded Scientific Management

Scientific Management

way of organizing people and labor in the most time efficient and productive way. Orignally for use of factories but came to influence Progressivism because many believed this same logic that government could be more efficient if put in the hands of experts and scientific managers.

William James/ John Dewey

major Pragmatic thinkers

Pragmatism

philosophy of practicality. taking a practical approach to morals and reform using experimental tactics to test them in action within democracy. Influence on Progressivism by enabling an argument to try reform for the sake of more efficiency, such as laissez-faire policy

Muckrakers

Journalists that focused on investigative stories typically on corruption, schemes, and scandal. Brought corruption to light and raised awareness to more of the population. Enabled the awareness and outrage required to achieve reforms and action.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

muckraking journalist that wrote "Wealth Against Commonwealth" to expose oil monopoly. Wrote for the Atlantic Monthly often attacking business corruption of the oil and railroad industry.

Wealth Against Commonwealth

Muckraker book written in 1894 to expose the corruption and greed of the oil monopoly. Written by Henry Demarest Lloyd

Samuel Sidney McClure

Progressive, founded "McClure's Magazine" in 1893 that ran muckraker articles.

Lincoln Steffens

Muckraker journalist that wrote "Tweed Days in St. Louis, 1702". Wrote novel "The Shame of the Cities" in 1904 on corruption. Example of muckraker journalism spread by magazines and as books.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker journalist that wrote "History of the Standard Oil Company" in 1902. Example of muckraker journalism spread by magazines

Jacob Riis

Author of "How the Other Half Lives" in 1890 on tenement life conditions. Muckraker reporter and photojournalist.

Theodore Dreisen

Progressive that wrote novels "The Financier" and "The Titan" on the avarice and ruthlessness of industrialists.

Frank Norris

Progressive author that wrote the fictional "The Octopus" on the tyrannical power of railroad companies. Wrote fictional "The Pit". Example of progressivism spread through fictional novels inspired by the real life conditions.

Australian Ballot

government printed ballots that can't be disparaged by bystanders. Also requires voters to vote privately in a booth. First used by Massachusetts in 1888. Spread to all states by 1910. Increased voter participation and prevented voting corruption and voter intimidation.

Direct Primaries

Election where citizens vote to nominate a party candidate instead of being chosen directly by party elites. Introduced by Robert La Follette, progressive governor of Wisconsin in 1903.

Direct election of US senators

First used in Nevada, 1899 with a direct election of US senators instead of having senators chosen directly by state legislature. By 1912 30 states had adopted direct senatorial elections.

Initiative

Process where voters can start a bill and compel legislature to consider it. Used to fight gov corruption in city reforms.

Referendum

Process where a bill that starts in legislature can make it onto the ballot and citizens can vote on it directly. Used to fight gov corruption in city reforms.

Recall

Procedure where voters can remove corrupt politicians from office through a majority vote.

Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones

An Ohio city mayor that introduced his "Golden Rule" programs in 1897 of municipal reforms. These included free kindergarten, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Tom L. Johnson

Cleveland, Ohio mayor that fought for tax reforms and lower trolley fees

Commission Plan

City government divided into several departments where voters elect heads of departments. First used in Galveston, Texas in 1900.

City Manager/ Expert Manager System

City government where an expert manager hired by the elected city council directs multiple departments. First used in Dayton, Ohio in 1913.

Charles Evans Hughes

Reform governor of New York who fought against fraudulent insurance companies corruption.

Hiram Johnson

Reform governor of California who fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor that introduced the "Wisconsin Idea"

Wisconsin Idea

Series of Progressive measures introduced by governor Robert La Follette. Included a Direct Primary by law, tax reforms, and state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business.

Drys

Prohibitionists, well organized, typically rural reformers. By 1915, 2/3 of states had prohibited sale of alcohol.

Jane Addams/ Florence Kelly

Leading figures in the Social Welfare that worked within the system to achieve change. Movement successful in achieving better schools, juvenile courts, safety regulations, parole system, and limits on the death penalty.

National Child Labor Committee

Progressive Reform organization formed in 1904 against child labor. Proposed model state child labor laws through compulsory school attendance laws.

National Consumers' League

Progressive organization formed by Florence Kelly that promoted state laws to protect women from working long hours. Success in Muller v. Oregon

Muller v. Oregon/ 1908

Supreme court ruling that protected women from work days over 10 hours. Overturned previous Lochner v. New York case.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire/ 1911

Fire disaster in a NYC garment factory that killed 146, mostly women. Sparked greater activism for improved factory conditions and regulations

Leon Czolgosz

Anarchist who assassinated President McKinley in 1901 which led to VP Theodore Roosevelt becoming president.

Theodore Roosevelt

The first Progressive President. War hero from the Spanish-American War and VP of McKinley. Used his presidency to draw attention to problems, agenda setter. Had a strong progressive domestic agenda for subduing corporates powers, protecting consumers, and environmental protections. Also known for his "Big Stick Policy" in Foreign Affairs.

Bully Pulpit

the use of public office such as the presidency to call attention to an issue and call for action.

Square Deal

Policy of Theodore Roosevelt to treat all sides fairly in a situation. Used in events like the Anthracite Coal Miners Strike where he invited both sides to the White House.

Northern Securities Company v. US/ 1904

Supreme court ruling against coporate interests and labelling the company a monopoly, breaks up the trust. Court case against a holding company for J.P. Morgan. First major trust to be broken up by government, shows change in policy from Gilded Age

Elkins Act/ 1903

Act on the Interstate Commerce Act that allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to ban rebates in railroad companies. In addition, Roosevelt also appointed better commission members, not corrupt.

Hepburn Act/ 1906

Act that allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to set rates for industries under its jurisdiction. Although they never had to act on it, companies lowered rates voluntarily.

Anthracite Coal Miners Strike

Strike by coal miners for better conditions. Pres. Roosevelt calls both sides to the White House. Threatens to bring the army to run the coal mine until workers given better conditions. The first case of Presidential support for industrial laborers.

Upton Sinclair/ The Jungle

book by muckraking journalist about the unsanitary practices of the meat packing industry. Gains so much attention that Congress begins to investigate the industry. Leads to the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Foods and Drug Act

Meat Inspection Act/ 1906

Act that allowed government inspectors to survey facilities for meat industries, included a grading system. TR's presidency. Consumer Protection

Pure Food and Drug Act/ 1906

Law that regulates all food and medicine industry products. Forms the FDA to monitor. Consumer protection

Forest Reserve Act/ 1891

mostly unused act from late 1800's that allowed land to be set aside in the West for future national parks. Then used heavily by Theodore Roosevelt. Conserving the Environment.

Newlands Reclamation Act/ 1902

Law that authorized land to be set aside in the West for the purpose of irrigation. Protects land from corporate interests. Conserving the Environment.

US Forestry Service/ 1908

Established during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency to manage the lands set aside by previous laws. Key figure Gifford Pinchot as head.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy used by Theodore Roosevelt where you "speak softly and carry a big stick."

Panama Canal

Built by the US in Panama, Columbia to enhance worldwide trade. Under Theodore Roosevelt's presidency, a complicated process of receiving permission from Panama itself and Britain to build it.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty/ 1901

Treaty between the US and Great Britain of a mutual agreement that neither side would build a canal in Central America. The US had to back out of this treaty to begin building the Panama Canal

Panamanian Revolution/ 1903

Revolution of Panama against Columbia. US encouraged Panama to revolt against Columbia and then used the US navy to block the Columbian navy from stopping the revolution. US interference done to build the Panama canal since Columbia said no.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty/ 1903

Treaty between US and Panama that allowed the US to build the Panama canal in return that they pay Panama.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's addition to the Monroe Doctrine that stated the US will intervene on behalf of European Nations in the Western Hemisphere. Used to keep European nations from forcefully taking back debt owed by Caribbean countries, instead US got money back for them to the keep European powers out of Central America.

Manchuria

Region on northeast Asia disputed by Japan and Russia.

Russo-Japanese War/ 1904-1905

War between Russia and Japan over the possession of Manchuria and Korean Peninsula. US got involved because they believed the Open Door Policy would be violated.

Treaty of Portsmouth/ 1905

Ended the Russo-Japanese War. Theodore Roosevelt called both sides to negotiate and formed an agreement to stop the fighting and allowed Japan to take possession of Korea.

Gentlemen's Agreement/ 1907

Agreement between the US and Japan where Japan would cut off immigration and the US would allow Japanese immigrant children in white schools. Diplomatic solution after Japan had threatened war over the segregation of Japanese populations in San Francisco.

Root-Takahira Agreement/ 1908

Agreement between the US and Japan officially recognizing the other territorial sovereignty and to "respect territorial possessions in the Pacific."

Great White Fleet

US navy fleet sent by Theodore Roosevelt to travel a global tour as a show of power. Big Stick Diplomacy.

Election of 1908/ Candidates

William Howard Taft (Republican) vs. William Jennings Brian (Democrat)

Election of 1908

Republic William Howard Taft won due to a campaign based on similar policies to Theodore Roosevelt.

William Howard Taft

Republican President known for targeting trusts and unsuccessfully trying to appeal to Progressive Republicans and Old Guard Republicans.

Old Guard

Major faction within the Republican party mostly pro-business, and anti-progressive.

House Speaker Joe Cannon

Old Guard, long standing House Speaker that was disliked by Progressive Republicans who wanted him gone. Taft supported Cannon, appeasing the Old Guard but angering the Progressives.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

tariff passed by Taft that raised the national tariff to 50%, making Progressives unhappy.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

Environmental controversy where Ballinger had oil interests in nation reserved land in Alaska. Pinchot wanted to protect the land as it had been set aside in TR's presidency. Taft sides with Ballinger and opens land to oil, Progressives unhappy.

Mann-Elkins Act

Act passed in Taft's presidency that expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to the telephone and telegraph industries.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President William Howard Taft, where business interests of US would be used to imperialize economically instead of militarily. Less successful. Fails in an incident with China where Taft lacks the "Big Stick" and looks weak

Nicaragua

US business interests had bought 50% of the nations land and when in the event of a peasant revolt, Taft sent the army. Action disliked by the public as an invalid use the military. Bad timing to bring out the "Big Stick"

Lodge Corollary/ 1912

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine that changed the "Europe stay out" to include Asian and all global powers as well. Due to Japanese business interests buying land in Mexico.

Industrial Workers of the World/ Wobblies

International labor union, radical socialist. Wanted wealth distribution, worker owned factories, overthrow of Capitalism.

Eugene Debs/ Socialist Party

Union leader converted to socialist. Forms the Socialist Party and runs for Presidency many times.

Election of 1912/ Candidates

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) vs. Republican party split into Progressive Bull Moose Theodore Roosevelt and Old Guard William Howard Taft. Third party Eugene Debs with Socialist Party.

Election of 1912

Election won by Woodrow Wilson due to the splitting of the Republican party between Roosevelt and Taft. Campaign between Roosevelt and Wilson on trust policy.

Bull Moose/ Progressive Party

Party founded to nominate Theodore Roosevelt after failing to be nominated candidate by the Republican Party. Progressive policies agreeing with Roosevelt's policy.

New Nationalism

Roosevelts trust policy in the campaign of the Election of 1912. Declared to reign in trusts but only the "bad" trusts, and wouldn't destroy all.

New Freedom

Wilson's trust policy in the campaign of the Election of 1912. Declared he would destroy all trusts for the sake of the commonman.

Woodrow Wilson

US President known for his strict anti-trust policy and progressive policies for workers. Foreign policy of Moral (Missionary) Diplomacy

"triple wall of privilege"

The banks, trusts, and tariffs that Wilson pledged to topple were collectively known as this

Underwood Tariff/ 1913

Passed during Wilson's presidency. Lowered the tariff from the previous 50% to 25%

Federal Reserve Act/ 1914

Act that created a federal banking agency to oversee the function of private banks. Given two key powers; coin money/ manage money supply, and set interest rates. Wilson's presidency

Clayton Anti-trust Act/ 1914

Addition to the Sherman Anti-trust Act of the late 1800s, protecting unions from being targeted by the Act. Major victory for unions and before the Progressive Era the Act was used solely to target unions. Wilson's presidency

Federal Trade Commission/ 1914

Established to regulate trusts by Wilson. Commission given the power to allow whether or not two companies can merge.

Federal Farm Loan Act/ 1916

Made low-interests loans more available to farmers and made it easier for them to get credits.

Keating-Owen Act/ 1916

Banned child labor by outlawing the sale of goods produced by child labor to be sold interstate. Struck down by Supreme Court

Hammer v. Dagenhart/ 1918

Supreme Court ruling declaring the Keating-Owen Act unconstitutional. child labor back in town.

Adamson Act/ 1916

Mandated an 8 hour workday for railroad employees and interstate employees. Wilson's presidency.

Kern-McGillicuddy Act/ 1916

Established federal workmens' compensation programs. Wilson's presidency

18th Amendment/ 1919

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Wilson's Presidency.

Moral/ Missionary Diplomacy

Foreign policy of Woodrow Wilson, in theory treating other countries fairly and with respect and spreading democracy.

Jones Act/ 1916

Act granting the Philippines territorial status and establishing civilian government, Bill of Rights expanded to citizens, and the promise that if they can handle civilian government they'll get freedom eventually.

Jones-Shafroth Act/ 1917

Grants Puerto Rican citizens a US citizenship

Victoriano Huerta

Lead the Mexican Revolution in 1910 and becomes a military dictator.

Tampico Incident/ 1914

Several American sailors arrested in small town for disorderly conduct and in response the American commander demands the town to fly US flag and salute. Wilson orders the seize of major city Vera Cruz by the US navy. Conflict grows as Mexican General "Pancho" Villa raids US towns and is pursued into Mexico. Tensions paused with outbreak of WWI.

Pancho Villa

Military leader in Mexico following the Mexican Revolution. Invades the US, raiding towns, following the Tampico incident. Is pursued by US forces into Mexican border.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Leader of NAWSA, conservative and wanted to work peacefully within the system, made little progress with a "no protest" ideology

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Women's Party following Carrie Chapman Catt. A younger leader with a more aggressive strategy and protest.