CH9: DNA transcription + translation

genes

segments of DNA that give information about certain traits

phenotype

the physical/visible properties of an organism

SRY gene

sex determination gene. It makes an organism male, without it develops as female

gene expression

whole point is to make proteins. main steps are transcription and translation

transcription

copying gene info in DNA into RNA. copying a gene into RNA form

RNA

ribonucleic acid. similar to DNA. nucleotides- adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

rRNA

ribosomal RNA. part of ribosomes, which make proteins from amino acids

tRNA

transfer RNA. brings amino acids to ribosomes

mRNA

messenger RNA. tells ribosome what protein to make

translation

Proteins assembles according to information in mRNA. using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids.

DNA

sections of genes which give traits

mutations

nucleotides incorrect, moved, deleted, or added during DNA replication

G-T bonds

most common cause for mutations since this bond can change shape. Meaning DNA polymerase can't detect that it's incorrect and therefore can't fix it

where does transcription occur?

the nucleus

base pairing rules of RNA

G-C. A-U

introns

segments of genes that don't code for proteins. Removed from immature RNA strand.

exons

encode for proteins

alternative splicing

Using one copy of RNA (blueprint) to make several different types of proteins. efficient

the product of transcription is..

different types of RNA

translation occurs in the...

cytoplasm

used during translation..

amino acids, ribosomes, RNAs

start codon

first amino acid to start the process of translation. used during initiation step.

stop codon

last amino acid added to the protein chain during Termination.

steps of translation

initiation, elongation, termination

initiation

first step of translation. the ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin by telling the ribosome what protein to make.

elongation

second step of translation. amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a protein chain.

termination

last step of translation. newly made protein is released by the ribsome.