Studied by 2 people
Second American Revolution
The civil war is often referred to as this, considering the resulting industrialization and modernization seen in the North
Fort Sumpter
This fort was in Charleston Harbor and cut off from supplies
April 12th
Lincoln was constitutionally obligated to defend it but he needs to avoid provoking the South
Walks the middle line: sends a peaceful supply ship
The South fires on the ship and initiates a 34 hour bombardment without casualties
This electrifies the North: No longer unprepared and unwilling
“The Fort was lost but the Union was saved” → emotional change
Newspapers blame the South.
April 15th, Lincoln: Secession = rejection of democracy
Authorizes war spending without congressional approval
So many people respond to fight that some have to be turned away
Blockade of Southern ports
Suspend Habeas Corpus
Ignites the South → Think Lincoln is waging war, and Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina leave the union (now 11 states)
West Virginia becomes a state by not wanting to secede
Border States
4 Slave states stay (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware) = “Border States”
Did not leave because they believed that the South fired first
Lincoln needs to keep them happy (esp KY) → cannot make the war about emancipation
Decides that the war is to preserve the Union
On to Richmond
rallying cry for the North, thinking it would be a short war
First Battle of Bull Run / Manassas Junction
This first battle Demonstrates how ill-prepared the country was → people gathered and set up picnics to watch and got trampled
Stonewall Jackson (South) arrives and wins, making the North realize the enormity of the task
Myth of Southern Invincibility
Anaconda Plan
Lincoln’s plan after the First Battle of Bull Run to win the civil war
Use a blockade to cut off supplies and starve the South
Divide Confederacy and cut off the Western states by taking the Mississippi River
Raise and train an army of 550k to take Richmond
Paid by:
Raising income tax to 3% passed by Congress
Loans above 140 million were authorized
Legal Tender Bill
This creates paper money
Peninsula Campaign
Led by “Tardy George” McClellan → very cautious and never good enough
Begins a string of Northern Defeats because Lee and Jackson are good
Begins a revolving door of Union Generals
Robert E Lee becomes General and clears the peninsula
George McClellan
This Union general was very cautious and never good enough
John Pope
This Union general was arrogant and had foolish bravado
Second Bull Run
This battle is Lee vs. Pope. Confederacy wins and the Union is in disaster. Pope is removed
Monitor vs Merrimac
Fight for control of the Chesapeake Bay
Hampton Roads led to Richmond and DC
The Confederates had an ironclad ship → impenetrable to cannons
The Union built the Monitor in response
This battle renders wooden sailing vessels obsolete
Hampton Roads
Location of Monitor vs. Merrimac: a crucial location for control of the Chesapeake bay, as this led to Richmond and DC
Farragut
This guy captured New Orleans, forcing the South to cross the Mississippi for commerce
Crippling for the South since it cannot export cotton
Shiloh
The Union wins in the West
Nothing was captured (only fought over a field)
Ulysses S. Grant captures forts and moves to Mississippi and is meat by the Confederates
Huge casualties (24k)
Antietam
Fought in Maryland: Border State → first attack actually in the Union
The Confederacy wanted success in theeEast and take advantage of momentum
No longer a morally respectable position in the South: now they are invaders too
Wanted to Convince Great Britain to enter war for cotton
Le predicted that they would be seen as friends, not conquerors and MD would join them
The single bloodiest day in American history. McClellan fails to pursue Lee
Tactically: A draw (stalemate) BUT Lee’s plan fails and Lincoln claims victory because he needs it
Issues the Emancipation Proclamation: Designs war to focus more on slavery
A diplomatic stroke that prevents Britain from supporting the South
Importance:
Horror (Matthew Brady photographed after the battle)
Great Britain
Public no longer tolerates missteps: McClellan needs to be replaced
Special Order 191
A copy of this ends up in McClellan’s hands before Antietam, so he knows what Lee will do ahead of time
Matthew Brady
This person photographed the aftermath of Antietam and depicted the horrors of war
Fredericksburg
Confederates arrive first and get highground
Shift from McClellan to Burnside is a shift from slow and methodical to reckless
Attacks up the hill under fire (idiot) → Burnside’s Slaughter pen → bloodbath
Burnside
This Union general was reckless and led to a bloodbath at Fredericksburg
Trent Affair
The South needed diplomats as much as soldiers
Closest GB ever came to entering the war
Mason and Slidell were sent to negotiate, and Seward wanted to stop them
Fired at the vessel, Mason and Slidell imprisoned → Britain very mad “Outrage on the British Flag”
The men were given back without an apology and details were fabricated
Linoln is resolved to avoid the war
Failure of Cotton Diplomacy
The South fails to get foreign help
They were so efficient in the years before the war that GB had a surplus
By the time they ran out, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued
Other sources of cotton included what the North seized, India, and Egypt
King Wheat + King Corn > King Cotton
Morrill Land Grant Act
States get land for agriculture and technology colleges
Morrill Tariff Act
This act raises the tariff
Homestead Act
This act is meant to settle the great plains: give land if farm for 5 years
Pacific Railway Act
This act creates a railroad from CA to the eastern states
National Bank Acts
These establish the national bank
Federal Conscription Act
This creates a draft in the Union for those 20-45
Legal Tender Bill
This creates paper money in the North
millionares
In the North, worker’s wages cannot keep pace with the rising economy, increasing the money gap and creating a new class of ________
Peace Democrats / Copperheads
Northern Democrats opposing all war
Moderates
This sect of the Republicans wanted to end slavery
Radicals
This sect of the Republican party wanted male equality for all and money set aside to educate Black people
$300 men
Paying for someone to fight for you
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy, who had to push state rights but lacked authority due to their stupid government
1864
In this election, Lincoln is chasing poor chances
Widespread war criticism. Conservatives are furious about emancipation
Radical republicans are angry → campaign against Lincoln → Congressional Committee on Handling of war
However, the opposition bails out to avoid splitting the party
Lincoln chooses Jackson: Stayed in the senate after TN left
Unconditional surrender: fight until victory
Republicans supported → “don’t change horses midterm”
Turning point: September 1864, Sherman burned Atlanta and lifted spirits
Northern Democrats: Douglas dies. Want to push negotiated peace → Tardy George McClellan
However, he turns around and says no to ending the war → 45% of popular vote
Lincoln: electoral landslide : 70% of soldiers vote for him
Sherman
This general burned Atlanta and gave Lincoln a boost in popularity
Lincoln’s Concerns on Emancipation
Keeping the border states in the Union
Constitution *appeared* to give legal sanction to slavery
Prejudiced Northerners
Premature action could be overturned by the next election -- change needs to be permanent
Benjamin Butler
refused to return Southern slaves back to the South (“contraband of war”)
Congress catches up to army: slaves considered contraband of war and are free
Freed slaves of people actively engaged in war (in the South)
President authorizes freed slaves to fight in the army
Contraband of War
The Union troops did not want to make the slaves stay slaves in the South, confiscated them as this
Confiscation Acts
Slaves are considered contraband of war and are free (Congress)
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln signed this executive order after Antietam to free all Southern slaves;
War focuses more on slavery
Prevents Britain from supporting the South
Free all Confederate slaves after the Antietam “victory”
Didn’t actually free any slaves → South wouldn't just set them free
Union army no has a cause → free slaves as they go down
1st time the government is actually committed to an emancipation policy
Now have to fight to the END
Butternut region (southern Ohio) protests and enlistment goes down. Huge slave influx
13
This amendment frees all slaves, even in border states
Does not pass the house, but Lincoln lobbies members and does really shady stuff
Thaddeus Stevens: The greatest measure of the 19th century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America
States now have to ratify after Lincoln’s death
Ends ⅗ compromise and slavery but not Dred Scott (issue of citizenship)
Thaddeus Stevens
“The greatest measure of the 19th century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted by the purest man in America”
Chancellorsville
VA
The Southern economy is in shambles: losing slaves and experiencing desertions
Union general Thomas Hooker (lol) outnumbers the confederates 2:1
Lee divides the army and Jackson flanks and dies
Lincoln is pressured to consider peace deals from Copperheads
Lee knows he needs to move his ass because the South is starving
Gettysburg
Lee wants to capture the army or the city
Union gets the high ground and the Southern army is destroyed
Day 1: Crossroads: ill-prepared southern generals didn’t take advantage of their opportunities
Day 2: Little Round Top; lee tries to flank but Chamberlain is just too good
Day 3: Pickett’s charge and destruction
The South never again takes the offensive
Vicksburg
Last lynchpin to close Mississippi
Closes Mississippi to the South (ANACONDA PLAN!!!!!!!!!!)
Cuts of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas from the South. Grant is brought back to the East
Ships made with rams → huge blow to south → “meatgrinder warfare”
Total War
This is a term that refers to Annihilating the will of the rebels so they would not fight again
Meat Grinder warfare: follow Lee and kill as many men as possible because the Union outnumbered
Meatgrinder Warfare
Following Lee and downing his men as long as they keep moving
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman leads 100k from Chattanooga TN on a campaign of deliberate destruction through GA and SC → breaks the will of the South
Destroys rail centers, burns Atlanta, Savannah (Christmas Gift), Columbia SC (capital)
No longer a war between gentlemen.
South starves between blockade and Sherman
Surrender at Appomattox Court House
After Richmond falls, the Confederates want peace
Very dignified: Grant lets the Southern men keep horses, rifles and he fed them
Chamberlain received the surrender
Empathy
John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln’s assassin
10% plan
This plan was made by Lincoln
Goal: Shorten the war, ensure emancipation lasts
The terms must be light in interest of inclining rejoining the union
Minimum test of political loyalty
Must take an oath of allegiance and accept [the principle] of emancipation
Once 10% of a state does so, they can region the Union
Wade-Davis Bill
After Lincoln’s 10% Plan:
It says that 50% of people in the state must take the oath in order for a state to rejoin
Freedmen’s Bureau
1865
Pseudo-welfare agency
Helps free-Black people and poor white people
At first, it had the authority to take land confiscated from confederates and give it to freed slaves
“40 acres and a mule”
But later Johnson pardons the confederates, which means they get their land back, and Congress sides with the confederates over the free Blacks (because for them it was the intuitive thing to do)
Oliver O. Howard
With the Freedmen’s Bureau, he establishes 300 schools for Black people, teaches them to read
Black Codes
These codes technically reinstated rules of slavery during reconstruction
Freed Black people cannot vote, testify
Eventually led to sharecropping
Joint House and Senate Committee Report
Congress essentially asserts its right to control the process of readmitting the Southern States.
14
This amendment Requires: Citizenship for Blacks and all people born and naturalized in the USA
States cannot deprive of life, liberty, or property without due process
Applies due process to states
States now required to uphold the rights of citizens
Impact: Alters judicial landscape, Federal rights > state rights in the future
Disqualifies former confederate leaders from voting unless pardoned by Congress
Repudiate Confederate debt
Women felt left out
Angry that Black men > White women
Does not guarantee right to vote but would penalize states that didn’t protect it
1866
These are “off year” elections
Radicals vs Black codes and Johnson
Johnson tries to get back authority by getting allies on Congress
Actively campaigns, appeals to racists, swing around the circle tour → tries to get Congress
Republicans “Wave the Bloody shirt” → what did we give up to win?
Appeal to anti-Southern sentiment → easy win
First Reconstruction Act
Former Confederate States (not Tennessee) divided into 5 military districts
Union army sent to protect Black rightsHigher requirements to rejoin union (guarantee Black males the right to vote) and ratification of the 14th Amendment
Bill didn’t specify who could write the Constitution.
States didn’t agree
Second Reconstruction Act
This act made it so Election was in the hands of the military: election superion. South refuses to vote
Third Reconstruction Act
This act made it so the 14th Amendment only needs to be approved by 50% of those who actually vote
Johnson Impeachment
Congress feared that Johnson would replace the military leaders with his symphasizers
Tenure of Office Act
Passed to protect Edwin Stanton Contrary to constitution: President cannot remove a federal official without senate approval
1868
This election is as follows:
Republicans ran a war hero (Grant).
Democrats run Horatio Seymour (irrelevant)
Some Northern states don’t let Blacks vote (KY, DE), didn’t ratify amendment
Grant wins by only 300k in popular vote. 500k free Blacks vote and shift the balance
Gave him the victory
Shifted moderate perspective: now they want to protect the Black vote
Catalyst of 15th A. State cannot prohibit any vote
40 Acres and a Mule
After the end of the war, Blacks hope for this to become independent Farmers
Sharecropping
This system prevented cash liquidity
Planters did not have any cash to pay laborers, and laborers did not have money for land
Freedmen rented land on credit → shared crops. No moral obligation from planters anymore
Less help from planter = tenant farming, more independent and less is owed
Everyone plants cotton and prices go down. Locks the system so no one can make enough
Hiram Revels / Blance Bruce
Name a Black senator
Scalawag
Southern Republicans (former Whigs) after the war
Carpetbagger
Northerners moving South to take advantage of business opportunities
Credit Mobilier Affair
Transcontinental railroad, government gave out land grants for the railroad
Goal: build a railroad (not necessarily efficiently)
Mobilier Company: Goal to scam government as much as they could
2 companies built toward each other → faster = more money made. Made subcontracts.
Siphoning off money and nobody paid attention. MASSIVE SCANDAL!!!!
Tweed Ring
William Tweed was a Democratic boss in NYC → ran a mob, much like those in all urban settings
Demanded kickbacks and bribes.
Paid the police off. $200 mil scam
Cartoonist subtly pokes fun at them (Thomas Nast) and exposes the ring
People talking. Samuel Tilden was the prosecutor that brought down Tweed.
Samuel Tilden
Prosecutor that brought down the Tweed ring and was later chosen as the Democratic candidate in 1876
Whiskey Ring
Tax agents and liquor industry agreement for fraud
Public defrauded → tax fraud.
Grant refuses to fire people involved
Scandals fracture Grant and the Republicans
1872
During this election, Liberal Republicans split off and say reform is needed and want to clean up corruption
Civil service reform: jobs in government allowed only if someone is qualified → give test
End railroad subsidies
Lower tariff
Withdraw troops from south
Join with Democrats: Horace Greenlee
Grant and the Republicans win by waving the bloody shirt
Panic of 1873
This event was a Product of war and overspeculation, especially with the railroad. Economic depression
Economy now had money: call for government to pint more: Greenback Labor Party
Question “easy money”
Gold standard
Each dollar represents a certain amount of gold
Greenbacks
This party wanted more money to be printed during the panic of 1873
Hard Money Men
These men in 1874, along with Grant, wanted to maintain the stability of the dollar, keeping it worth more and retaining its value
Nathan Bedford Forest
First leader of the KKK and adamant Confederate general
Amnesty act of 1872
This act gave General amnesty, removed all restrictions except the great leaders
Democrats take back over
Ex Parte Merryman
This case determines that Lincoln acted unconstitutionally when suspending habeas corpus
Cummings vs Missouri / Ex Parte Garland
These cases say that Loyalty oaths are unconstitutional because they are against bill of attainder and ex post facto
Slaughterhouse Case
This case Decreased protection under 14th Amendment
Only applied to rights specifically in constitution
New Orleans granted monopoly to a slaughterhouse and butchers challenged bc expensive
Court said state could limit rights under circumstances → can now limit other rights
Second Civil Rights Act of 1875
Passed by Congress, aiming to provide Equal accommodation in all places (schools, juries)
Hard to enforce because the North is tired
1876
During this election: Democrats redeemed all 3 those states
Republicans still divided over scandals and fear Grant going for a third term
Liberals split from Grant → “half-breeds” : James Blane
“Stalwarts” stick with Grant
BUSINESSMEN BECOME POWERBROKERS
Stalwarts and Half-breeds block each other → settle on a compromise: governor of Ohio HAYES
Civil service reform, raise protective tariff, wave the bloody shirt (democrats = treason)
Dems: Samuel Tilden who brought down the Tweed Ring. Reform Platform
Clear popular majority and led in electoral college, but did not get 185
Disputed returns in the 3 states → added up to 20 (Hayes could win)
Each sent 2 slates of electors to Congress but they appointed a special commission
7 Democrats, 7 Republicans, and 1 Independent who was replaced with a Republican
Hayes wins
Democrats mad and threaten to filibuster, they also control the house
Redeemed
Democrats ________ states when the Union troops left
Half-Breeds
Liberal Republicans, also called _________, split from the Grant and nominated James Blane in 1876
Stalwarts
These Republicans stuck with Grant in 1876
Hayes
The Stalwarts and Half-breeds, after blocking each other, join together and nominate this governor of Ohio
Reform Platform
in 1876, The Democrats focused on tihs
Compromise of 1877
After the 1876 Election, it is agreed that Hayes becomes president but end federal support for Southern Republicans
No troops = no Black rights because SCOTUS strikes down laws
Hayes promises Southern Transcontinental railroad
END OF RECONSTRUCTION=
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Flashcard (23)