APWH U5

Enlightenment

18th-century movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one’s nation

Liberalism

Belief in individual rights, democracy, and limited government

Conservatism

Support for tradition and gradual change

Empiricism

Knowledge gained through observation and experience

John Locke

Philosopher who argued for natural rights

Consent of the Governed

Government authority comes from the people

Social Contract

Agreement between people and government

Tabula Rasa

Belief that humans are born a blank slate

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who believed strong government prevents chaos

Two Treatises of Government

Locke’s work supporting overthrow of unjust rulers

Leviathan

Hobbes’s defense of absolute monarchy

Baron de Montesquieu

Philosopher who promoted separation of powers

Spirit of Laws

Work supporting checks and balances

Voltaire

Advocate of free speech and religious tolerance

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who argued sovereignty belongs to the people

Separation of Powers

Division of government into branches

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense

Mary Wollstonecraft

Advocate for women’s rights and education

Enlightened Despots

Absolute rulers who used Enlightenment ideas

Catherine the Great

Russian ruler influenced by Enlightenment ideas

Kangxi Emperor

Qing ruler who promoted education and stability

Namık Kemal

Ottoman nationalist reformer

Estate System

Three social classes in France

Bourgeoisie

Middle class of merchants and professionals

Guillotine

Execution device used during the Revolution

Storming of the Bastille

1789 event that began the French Revolution

Olympe de Gouges

Writer who demanded women’s rights

Louis XVI

French king executed during the Revolution

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France executed for treason

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Document declaring equality and natural rights

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

Document demanding women’s equality

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror

Directory

Weak French government before Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte I

Military leader who became emperor of France

Napoleonic Code

Legal code ensuring equality before the law

Continental System

Napoleon’s blockade against Britain

Napoleonic Wars

Series of wars fought by Napoleon

Congress of Vienna

Meeting that restored monarchies after Napoleon

Liberté, égalité, fraternité

“Liberty, equality, fraternity”

Atlantic Revolutions

Atlantic Revolutions

Democratic revolutions in Europe and the Americas

Grito de Dolores

Call for Mexican independence

Father Hidalgo

Priest who began Mexican independence

Haiti

Location of the only successful slave revolt

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Leader who declared Haitian independence

Creoles

People of European descent born in colonies

Casta System

Racial hierarchy in Spanish America

Simón Bolívar

Leader of South American independence movements

José de San Martín

Military leader in South American independence

Jamaica Letter

Bolívar’s letter explaining independence goals

Creole Revolutions

Independence movements led by Creoles

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

Puerto Rican revolutionary writer

José Rizal

Filipino nationalist who opposed Spanish rule

Realpolitik

Practical politics focused on results rather than ideals

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who promoted unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Military leader who unified southern Italy

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who unified Germany

Balkan Nationalism

Nationalist movements weakening Ottoman control

Kaiser Wilhelm I

First emperor of unified Germany

Academic Vocabulary

Concise

Brief and clear

Codification

Systematic organization of laws

Empirical

Based on observation or evidence

Continuity

What remains the same over time

Tactful

Careful and diplomatic

Corroborate

Confirm with evidence

Copious

Large in quantity

Analogous

Comparable or similar

Affluent

Wealthy

Complicity

Involvement in wrongdoing

Debilitate

To weaken

Insular

Isolated or narrow-minded

Liberation

Freedom from oppression

Monolith

Large and uniform structure or group

Multifaceted

Having many aspects

Unfathomable

Impossible to understand

Usurp

To take power illegally

Dissent

Disagreement with authority

Disseminate

To spread information

Concurrent

Happening at the same time