Unit 4 Hug Terms

State

A politically organized body of people usually occupying a definite territory. It has a government that issues laws and enforces them.

Multiethnic State

A state that contains more than one ethnic group, often with diverse cultural identities and influences. stretches across boundaries

Multinational State

A state that contains multiple national groups, each with distinct cultural identities and often seeks political autonomy within its boundaries

Boundary

A line that defines the limits of a state's territory, separating it from other states or territories. either physically or politically

Green Revolution

A significant increase in agricultural productivity achieved through the adoption of modern farming techniques, such as high-yield crop varieties, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers and pesticides

Developed Countries

Countries with advanced industrialization, high standards of living, and well-developed infrastructure and institutions.

Developing Countries

Countries with lower levels of industrialization, lower standards of living, and often facing challenges in infrastructure, education, and healthcare.

Gross National income

The values of the goods and services that a country produces and sells each year 

Gross Domestic product

The values of the goods and services that a country produces and sells each year but does not count money brought in by foreigners

purchasing power parity

A theory that compares the purchasing power of different currencies by considering the prices of a similar basket of goods and services in each country.

primary sector

The sector of the economy that involves the extraction of raw materials and natural resources, such as agriculture, mining, and forestry.

Secondary Sector

The sector of the economy that involves the processing and manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods, such as factories and construction.

Tertiary Sector

The sector of the economy that provides services to individuals and businesses, such as healthcare, education, transportation, and tourism.

Sovereignty

Independence from control of its internal fair (laws and taxes)

Self-determinism

The process by which a nation or people determine their own political status, form their own government, and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development.

Self-Sufficiency Path

A development strategy where a country aims to produce all the goods and services it needs domestically, reducing dependence on imports.

International Trade Path

A development strategy where a country focuses on producing goods and services for export, participating in global trade, and attracting foreign investment.

independent State

a sovereign political entity recognized by the international community, having a defined territory, permanent population, and a government that controls its own internal and foreign affairs.

Nation

a large group of people sharing common cultural characteristics—such as language, religion, history, or ethnicity—and a sense of belonging, often with aspirations for territorial sovereignty

Nation-State

A sovereign state whose citizens share a common national identity

Stateless nation

a distinct ethnic or cultural group (nation) that does not possess its own sovereign state or control its own territory

Multistate Nation

A nation or ethnic group territorially divided by one or more international boundaries 

political boundaries

Divisions of governance between states and within them reflect balances of power that have been neglected or imposed

physical boundaries

A boundary based on a physical feature

geometric boundaries

a boundary that follows a straight line

Cultural Boundaries

A boundary that may follow a particular cultural characteristic/traits or human behavior

Antecedent boundaries

A boundary drawn before people livein an area and established a cultural landscape 

subsequent boundaries

A boundary drawn where people have already settled with cultures already established

consequent boundaries

A type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing differences among people such as ethnicity, language, religion, etc. 

superimposed boundaries

A boundary that is drawn by outside powers and tends to ignore existing boundaries of ethnic and cultural differences

Relic Boundaries

A former boundary that no longer exists but still holes significance (cultural or economic)

demographic transition model

How population changes over time and space, specifically how a country moves from sn agricultural to an industrial society 

unitary system

a system where power is concentrated in the central government, leaving subnational units with little to no independent authority

confedration

a weak or loose organization of sovereign states that delegate limited powers to a central authority, typically for mutual defense or economic cooperation.

federal system

A government structure the divides power between a central national government and smaller, subnational regional units 

supranational organizations

a union of three or more states that creates an administrative structure to promote shared economic, political, or military goals, requiring member states to cede some sovereignty to a higher authority.

devolution

the transfer of political power, authority, and decision-making from a central government to regional or local governments.

Globalization

the process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among nations, economies, cultures, and populations worldwide.