APUSH Unit Test Ch. 17-19

Events, People, and Key Terms to know from American Pagent Ch. 17-19. (Antebellum, Civil War, Causes)

William Henry Harrison

Died ONE MONTH into presidency.

Creole

A slave-carrying ship that was offered asylum by the British in the Bahamas — freed 130 slaves

Roger B Taney

Cheif Justice for the Dred Scott decision.

homesteads

Free land to settlers

John Bell 

Is said to have been the reason for Lincolns win. Comes from the Constituational Union Party.

Lecompton Constitution

Pro-slavery Kansans had determined to write a state constitution that would guarantee slavery within the state. When the free-staters found out about their plan, they boycotted the constitutional convention and the Lecompton Constitution was created.

"lame duck" interlude

The crisis, already critical enough, was deepened by the "lame duck" interlude. (The "lame duck" period was shortened to ten weeks in 1933 by the Twentieth Amendment.) Lincoln, although elected president in November 1860, could not take office until four months later, on March 4, 1861. During this period of protracted uncertainty, when he was still a private citizen in Illinois, the secessionist movement gathered further momentum.

border ruffians

pro-slavry indiviuals who floded kansas to help their majority out.

Crittenden amendments

Allow for slavery to continue in only the south; rejected by republicans.

Abraham Lincoln

Was the winner in 1860 and also the reason for SC’s secession.

Beeches Bibles

A nickname for a gun

 New England Emigrant Aid Co.

Antislavery organization in the North that sent out thousands of pioneers to the Kansas-Nebraska territory to thwart the Southerners and abolitionize the West.

Shawnee Mission and Topeka

When the day came in 1855 to elect members of the first territorial legislature of Kansas, proslavery "border ruffians" poured in from Missouri to vote early and often. The slavery supports triumphed then set up their own puppet government here

Franklin Pierce

Pro-southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion. As president, he tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba, a plan he quickly abandoned once it was made public. Pierce emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

Lawrence, Kansas

Where bleeding kansas begun.

Filibustering

prolong debate and delay or prevent a vote on a bill, resolution, amendment, or other debatable question.

Millard Fillmore

Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Matthew C. Perry

Convinced Japan to sign a treaty with the US.

William H. Seward

helped prevent Great Britain and France from entering the war on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War, led the drive to annex Midway Island in the Pacific, gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Helps the US get Panama

higher law

Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories as contrary to a divine moral law standing above even the Constitution

Panic of 1857

A financial crash brought on by gold inflation (from california), over speculation (due to trains and new land), and excess grain production.

With this, a lot of businesses failed and the need for tariffs rose.

Whig Party

Anti-Jacksons; consiting of indiviuals such as;

• William Henry Harrison

• Zachary Taylor

• John Tyler

• Millard Fillmore

They promoted;

• protective tariffs

• federal funding for internal improvements

• Strengthening the central government.

John C. Breckinridge

The Souther Democrats nominated him to run in the election.

• Was FOR slavery expansion

• Was FOR the annexation of Cuba

Gasden Purchase

The Gadsden Purchase was a treaty signed in 1853 between the United States and Mexico, acquiring a strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico for $10 million.

Needed for the railroad.

Pattowatommie

Marks the beginning of the Bloody Kansas & was a campaign of terror, intimidation, and armed conflict that lasted throughout the summer.

Treaty of Kanagawa AND Treaty of Wanghia

Treaty of Kanagawa - Treaty between the US and Japan

Treaty of Wanghia - Treaty between the US and China.

Gag Resolution

The Gag Resolution was a rule passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in 1836 that automatically tabled any anti-slavery petitions received, effectively preventing discussion on the issue of slavery.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin is a novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852. It is an anti-slavery novel that depicts the harsh realities of slavery in the United States before the Civil War.

Border Ruffian

Pro-Slaverites that entered popular soverintry states causing mayhem and chaos so that the states would enter into the US as a slave state.

The Impending Crisis of the South

The Impending Crisis of the South was a book written by Hinton Rowan Helper in 1857. It argued against slavery's negative impact on the Southern economy.

David Wilmot

David Wilmot was a U.S. politician who proposed the Wilmot Proviso in 1846, seeking to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.

Ostend Manifesto

The Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 that proposed the United States should acquire Cuba from Spain by any means necessary, including force. Hidden from North, which was very upset upon finding out.

Antebellum

This refers to the time period before the American Civil War, specifically the years from the late 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.

Kansas Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed popular sovereignty to decide on slavery in new territories, leading to violent conflicts like "Bleeding Kansas" and intensifying sectional tensions.

Fugitive Slave Act

The Fugitive Slave Act was a law passed in 1850 that required the return of escaped slaves to their owners. It heightened tensions between abolitionists and slaveholders.

Stephen Douglas

Stephen Douglas was a prominent American politician who played a key role in the debates over slavery in the territories, particularly through the Kansas-Nebraska Act. His support for popular sovereignty hightened tensions between North and South.

Wanted to continue westward expansion; personally invested in RR stock (wanted to make Chicago a transportation & commerce hub).

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis is the first and only president of the Confederate States of the United States

Election of 1860

Election of 1860: The Election of 1860 was a pivotal event in American history where Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, won against three other candidates, leading to Southern states seceding.

Abraham Lincoln, John C. Breckinridge, John Bell, Stephen A. Douglas.

Seventh of March Speech

Webster's last great speech to the US Senate which called upon his fellow senators to give their full support to the Compromise of 1850

Spot Resolution

Spot Resolutions were a series of resolutions proposed by Congressman Abraham Lincoln in 1848 questioning President James K. Polk's justification for the Mexican-American War.

Tariff of 1857

Tariff of 1857 was a tariff reduction in the United States that aimed to lower import duties on various goods. It was passed to address the federal budget surplus and reduce government revenue.

The Caroline

The Caroline was a ship that was attacked by a British Ship. Almost led to the death of a Canadian indiviual which brought the two nations to the brink of War.

Aroostook War

A war that occured in the upper NE states, a lumberjack war with small militias - almost became a full out shooting war. Led to the Caroline Affair.

Amistad

The ship that was overtaken by slaves however wound up on the shore of Long Island a few days later.

Brook Seminar Affair

Representative Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner with his walking cane in retaliation for an anti-slavery speech given by Sumner where he insulted Brooks' cousin

General Santa Anna

Mexican dictator that would fight and loose against the Texans. Would be very untrust worthy and harsh.

James K. Polk

Signed off on the joint resolution to annex Texas, Mexican–American War during his presidency, the Oregon Territory, and the Mexican Cession after winning the Mexican–American War.

Liked slavery, manifest destiny, and through his expansionism grew tension.

Freeport Doctrine

This was during the Lincoln Douglass debates where the two fought over a seat in the Illinois sentate.

Constitutional Union Party

This was the middle ground for the political parties that were dividing the nation. It was there to preserve the nation through comprimises and agreements rather than secession.

Comprimise of 1850

Comprised of a couple main parts;

• Banning slave trade in DC

• Giving land to NM

• Made California a free state.

• Strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act

EFFECTS: 1) Put an end to southern extremists threat of secession 2) Initiated a temporary sense of nationalism Second Era of Good Feelings; the North benefitted from the Compromise; NM & UT more likely to become free states

Harpers Ferry

John Brown attacked here killed about 7 people and was later arrested by the US Marines. Was influential because esentially cut any chance of a comprimise occuring.

John Sidell

Was sent by Polk to negotiate with Mexico for California and other lands for 10 million. The ‘no’ from the Mexican side would eventually lead to the start of the Mexican American war.

Popular Sovereignty

The people were given to power under the Constitution and should therefore decide the slavery issue themselves self-determination; made popular with politicians because it was a compromise that was avoiding directly addressing the issue of slavery; made slavery a local issue rather than making it a federal issue.

Sam Houston

Was a key figure in the history of Texas, serving as its first president when it became an independent republic in 1836 and later as its governor when it joined the United States. He played a crucial role in Texas' fight for independence from Mexico.

General Lewis Cass

Constructed the idea of Popular Sovereignty. Veteran of the War of 1812.

Zachary Taylor

Was a army general from the Mexican American War. To avoid the problem of Slavery, he simply added California and New Mexico as new states to keep the Northerners happy.

John O’Sullivan

Created idea of Manifest Desitiny which would help push the US to annex the states of Oregon and Texas.

Personal Liberty Laws

These laws were passed in the north to undermine the unliked Fugitive Slave Laws. States rights > Federal laws.

Winfield Scott

Was a war hero from the War of 1812 and lost in the election of 1852 after running through the Whig Party.

Free Soilers

1) Increasing spending on internal improvements 2) Free soil for settlers

Who were part of this group?

1) Industrialists against tariff reduction 2) Democrats resentful for not settling the entire Oregon territory 3) Northerners who didn't want to share/compete for land with blacks 4) Whigs against slavery 5) Workers looking for independence by owning property

Sutters Mill

Where the first bits of gold was found. This was supposed to be kept a secret however got out and led to the California Gold Rush which fueld western expansion however also acredited to the Panic of 1857.

Dred Scott Decision

Stated the blacks could never be given the same rights as a citizen of the US and stated that Congress cannot legally limit or stop slavery.

John C. Fremont

The first Republican, and campaigner to run against slavery, nominee ever - during the election of 1856 -and aided in the statehood of California.

California Gold Rush

A mass influx of indiviuals who rushed to the Western seaboard. Most miners did not strike it rich; helped out the service workers in the area. First gold found in Sutter’s Mill. Can be said to have helped kickstart the Panic of 1857.

Young Gaurd

New leaders from North who wanted to clean up Union. They were strong abolitionists, were against giving concessions to South and led by the WIlliam Seward (future cabinet member of Lincoln).

Appealed to God's "higher law" to forbid slavery in territories and main goal was to eliminate south from the north to keep union pure

Wilmot Proviso

The Wilmot Proviso was a proposed amendment to a military appropriations bill in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

Lord Ashburton

Was the diplomat sent by the British to handle the Carolina situation. Was met by Daniel Webseter and settled on giving americans over 7000 square miles of disputed land and Britain getting the wanted trade route.

Buena Vista

War in Mexico, led to the election of Taylor.

Conscience Whigs

Mostly comprised up north and anti-slavites and abolitionists who were against the expansion.

Stephen Kearny

Soilder who brought over the men to California for the fighting.

Tariff of 1842

To protext national market, huge tariffs were placed on goods needed to construct a railroad.

Walker Tariff

Reduced taxes by 30% and set of a railway boom IN 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1848, ended the mexican american war.

Gave UTAH CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS

Election of 1844

Annexation of Texas and Slavery were both issues present.

Clay V Polk — Polk Won

Hudson's Bay Company

The Company conducted much trade in the region and owned much land. The company focused on trade, particularly in fur. The explorers of the company established early relationships with natives.

Vigilante justice

the actions of a single person or group of people who claim to enforce the law but lack the legal authority to do so.