PHYL142L: acid-base balance and urinalysis

acid-base balance

the body’s pH level in extracellular fluids

maintaining normal function of organs, homeostasis

what is the acid-base balance important for?

pH

what is the acid-base balance determined by?

potential of hydrogen

what does pH stand for

pH scale

measures how acidic or basic a solution is

pH above 7 is basic or alkaline, pH below 7 is acidic

what pH is considered acidic or basic?

cardiovascular system (blood), respiratory system (lungs), urinary system (kidneys)

what body systems are affected by the acid-base balance?

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

what process regulates blood pH through respiration?

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

what stabilizes blood to pH of 7.4 +- 0.05?

increase in bicarbonate

what makes red blood cells more positively charged?

co2 + h20 → h2co3 (carbonic acid) → H+ and hco3- (bicarbonate)

explain the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

chloride shift

when RBCs exchange HCO3s- for Cl-

the exchange of bicarbonate for chlorine, the chlorine shift

what helps RBCs maintain their negative charge?

respiratory acidosis/hypoventilation

increased PCO2, increased carbonic acid, Increased H+ (low pH) increased bicarbonate

respiratory alkalosis/hyperventilation

decreased PCO2, decreased carbonic acid, decreased H+ (high pH) decreased bicarbonate

pH increased, PCO2 decreased

during respiratory alkalosis, are pH and PCO2 increased or decreased?

pH decreased, PCO2 increased

during respiratory acidosis, are pH and PCO2 increased or decreased?

filter out H+ ions into urine

what do the kidneys do when blood becomes too acidic?

reabsorbing it from urine

how do kidneys do to help replenish bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

both increased

during metabolic alkalosis, are pH and HCO3 increased or decreased?

both decreased

during metabolic acidosis, are pH and HCO3 increased or decreased?

hypoventilation

what kind of breathing can induce respiratory acidosis?

hyperventilation

what kind of breathing can induce respiratory alkalosis?

blood composition, diet and cellular metabolism

what is urine composition derived from?

kidneys

what helps to maintain consistency and homeostasis in blood composition

color, transparency, odor, pH, specific gravity

what are the 5 different characteristics of urine

95% water, 5% nitrogenous wastes

what is the composition of urine?

urea

protein breakdown of urine

uric acid

nucleic acids breakdown in urine

creatine

metabolized creatine phosphate in muscles of urine

clear/pale yellow to amber

what colors can urine range from?

amount of solute to water concentration

what does the color of urine indicate?

urinary tract infection (UTI)

what generates cloudy urine?

odor and pH

what urine characteristic are affected by diet?

bacterial infecction: ammonia-like, diabetes: fruity/acetone

what leads to a ammonia-like urine odor and what leads to a fruity/acetone like odor?

high protein/carb

if you eat ___ your urine will be more acidic

vegetarian and bacterial infection

what two scenarios can cause someone to have more alkaline urine pH?

water: 1.000g/ml, urine: 1.001 to 1.030g/ml

what are the specific gravities of water and urine?

more concentrated urine

what does an increased specific gravity of urine mean?

diluted urine

what does an decreased specific gravity of urine mean?

casts

microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidneys in certain diseases

glycosuria

high blood sugar levels due to inadequate insulin levels; or can result when active transport mechanisms for glucose are exceeded temporarily

proteinuria

increased permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane (proteins are usually too large to pas through); albumin is the most abundant blood protein, excessive protein in urine

ketouria

excessive production of intermediates of fat metabolism, which may result in acidosis, excessive ketone bodies in urine

hematuria

irritation of the urinary tract organs that results in bleeding; or result of leakage of RBCs through a damaged filtration membrane, excessive erythrocytes in urine

hemoglobinuria

fragmentation of erythrocytes, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the plasma and subsequently into the filtrate, excessive hemoglobin in urine

nitriuria

results when gram-negative bacteria such as E coli. reduce nitrates to form nitrites, excessive nitrites in urine

bilirubinuria

increased levels of bilirubin in the urine as a result. of liver damage or blockage of the bile duct.

pyuria

presence of WBCs or pus in the urine caused by inflammation of the urinary tract