GENBIO TERMS

CELL CYCLE

CELL CYCLE

Consists of sequential phases of events wherein the parent cell divides and replicates DNA materials to produce two daughter cells

CELL DIVISION

• is also known as cell reproduction

CELL DIVISION

•  allows organism to reproduce asexually, grow, and repair worn-out or damaged tissues (cell replacement)

•  is associated with growth and development

CELL REPLACEMENT

Occurs when old cells in the body die and new cells form; such as red blood cells, intestinal cells and skin cells

TRUE

T OR F: Wound Healing involves growth of new cells out of cell division

REPRODUCTION

•  is a common process among life forms to make a new organism from one or two parent organisms

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Involves two specialized cells, called Gametes, coming from the parents that will result to a unique offspring

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

the production of offspring from a single parent without the involvement of gametes

BINARY FISSION

The cell pinches apart, splits into two, then a new cell wall forms between two daughter cells, this process is called ______

CHROMOSOMES

An organized structure where DNA, a double-stranded molecule is tightly coiled

HISTONES

Chromosome is a simply continuous thread of DNA wounded together by DNA-associated proteins, referred as

46, 23

Each body consists of ___ chromosomes or ___ pairs

CHROMATIN

• Complex set of macromolecules that contain loose DNA, proteins and RNA 

• _______ efficiently packages DNA into a cell's nucleus, protecting its structure, sequence, and preventing damage, while controlling gene expression and replication, and reinforcing the DNA molecule for mitosis and meiosis.

• _______ condenses, coiling tightly around proteins and eventually forming small, thick rods during cell division.

SISTER CHROMATIDS

identical copies formed by the replication of a chromosome

KINETOCHORE

group of proteins located at the centromere that is attached to the long spindle fibers during cell division

TELOMERES

Structures located at the ends of DNA molecule; contains repeated nucleotides which contain genetic information that do not translate into traits

Role: to prevent the ends of chromosomes attaching to one another and prevent the loss of genes

THE CELL CYCLE

• Cells follow definite stages of growth, duplication, and division known collectively as ___________

• The cycle involves distinct and regular phases of growth, DNA duplication and cell division that are needed to allow growth and repair

• Abnormal cell growth occurs when the cellular cycle goes out of control

INTERPHASE

• The growth period in the cell cycle and is divided into three parts; Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2

GAP 1

• Spends most of their life cycle in this phase and is the longest phase

• Cells increase their size as their organelles double in number

SYNTHESIS

• Replication occurs

• Microtubules (protein complex) are produced in this stage

• The two strands of each DNA molecule unzips and separate during the replication 

• Each strand used as a template to form a new and complementary DNA strand

• Chromosomes doubled after synthesis

GAP 2

• Contains a critical checkpoint before transitioning to the next stage

• The production of enzymes occurs

• Makes sure that everything is in order including growing to its correct size and duplication DNA without damage

MITOSIS

• Division of nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei containing the same full set of DNA. divided into four phases;

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. telophase

• The hereditary material of the parent cell is given to the daughter cells which leads to the new formation of two daughter cells containing the identical genetic materials

CYTOKINESIS

• Splitting of cytoplasm

• Beings early during telophase and continues after the nuclei have formed in the daughter cells

BEFORE

Pro means

PROPHASE

• Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes

• Chromosomes are packaged into neat bundles to move them around easily when division starts

• Nucleolus disappears

• Spindle fibers are formed by the organized microtubules, grows from the centrosome and extend toward the center of the cell toward the opposite poles

• The chromosome is being prepared to line up at the center of the cell by the end of prophase

AFTER

Meta means

METAPHASE

• Alignment at the center

• Spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids facilitates the movement of the chromosomes towards the middle of the cell

• Chromosomes lined up along the plane equidistant from a microtubule region called Metaphase Plate

UP OR BACK

Ana means

ANAPHASE

the cohesin (ring-shaped protein complex) breaks down and the sister chromatids separated from each other

• Spindle fibers pulls the sister chromatids towards the opposite ends of the cells

TELOPHASE

• Two complete sets of identical chromosomes are now positioned at each pole of the cell

• The microtubules and spindle fibers disintegrate once they are no longer needed

• Nuclear membrane starts to form

• Chromosomes unfold back into chromatin

• Nucleoli reappear and the cell continue to elongate

END

Telo means

CYTOKINESIS

• The actual separation

• Involves splitting the cytoplasm into two cells and completes the entire stage of cell cycle

• Typically starts to occur in the late anaphase or telophase

• Differs in animal and plant cells

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stands for _________

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

life begins with only a single cell from the fusion of the parents’ sex cells

WOUND HEALING

• also involves growth of new cells out of cell division

• associated with cell replacement; injury triggers cell division to replace

  damaged cells

OSTEOBLAST

cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones

OSTEOCLAST

cells that break down old bone tissue

BINARY FISSION

the type of asexual reproduction happening in bacteria

FERTILIZATION

union of the nuclei of the egg cell & sperm cells; in 9 months the cell becomes trillion of

cells

CELL DIFFERENTIATION

specific cell that will function on what they are told to do

GONADS

where sex cells are produced; gland

SOMATIC CELLS

any cell in the body that is not a germ cell (sperm or egg); they are diploid

AUTOSOMES

type of chromosome found in the nucleus of a cell; no sex chromosomes; only 22 pairs

of autosomes

2

1 PARENT CELL IS EQUALS TO __ DAUGHTER CELL/S

CHROMOSOME

A double-stranded molecule, is tightly coiled in

an organized structure called

DNA

Carries the genetic information you have

inherited and makes your body function normally

HISTONES

A long, continuous thread of DNA wounded

together by DNA-associated proteins called

CHROMATID

1 chromosome is called

CHROMATIN

Complex set of macromolecules that contain

loose DNA, proteins, and RNA

CHROMATIN

Responsible for packaging the DNA efficiently

into smaller volume

CENTROMERE

holds sister chromatid together

CHROMATID

Refers to each strand of the duplicated chromosomes

SISTER CHROMATIDS

– made up of two chromatids (one chromosome) held together by centromere.

CENTROMERE

a region of condensed pinched chromosomes; only 1

KINETOCHORE

a group of proteins located at the centromere

− attached to the long spindle fibers during cell division

− 2 found (left and right)

TELOMERES

Located at the ends of the DNA molecule

− Structures that contain repeated nucleotides,

which contains genetic information that do not

translate into traits

− Role is to prevent the ends of chromosomes

from accidentally attaching to one another and

prevent the loss of genes

CYTOKINESIS

− basically divides the cytoplasm of the cell.

− begins early during telophase and continues

after the nuclei have formed in the daughter

cells.

− When the parent cell has completely separated

PROKARYOTES

lack membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeleton so the divide more rapidly than eukaryotes

GAP ZERO

• Cells are unlikely to divide but still continue to perform normal functions.

• immune cells that are needed at a later time, such as lymphocytes, remain in G0 for many

  years until such time that the body needs them to recognize an invader.

MITOSIS

the division of the nucleus into two genetically

identical nuclei containing the same full set of

DNA.

− occurs in somatic cells, except the sex cells, such

as the egg cells and sperm cells.

− prepares the cell for cytokinesis.

MICROFILAMENTS

tiny strands of protein actin

CYTOKINESIS

• splitting the cytoplasm into two cells

• typically starts to occur in the late anaphase or

  telophase.

  − in animal cells, it starts with the formation of the

  cleavage furrow or trench that is pulled inward

  by tiny strands of protein

GOLGI APPARATUS

cell plate is made by the __________NUT

NUTRIENTS ARE IN SHORT SUPPLY, THERE ARE NO INSTRUCTIONS TO DIVIDE

Cells do not divide in the following situations:

PHYSICAL SIGNALS

such as cell-to-cell contact

exist between cells.

CONTACT INHIBITATION

- a phenomenon when a cell

touches another cell, it stops dividing.

ANCHORAGE DEPENDENT

cells only grow if

surface is available and stop dividing when

detached from the culture dish.

CHEMICAL SIGNALS

released by the cell such as growth factors provide instructions for other cells to grow.

GROWTH FACTORS

are proteins that stimulate cell division, which have the ability to activate

specific genes to trigger cell growth;

ERYTHROPOIETIN

stimulates the production of cells that become red blood cells.

PLATELETS

store a growth factor that helps when the body needs to repair wounds.

INTERNAL FACTORS

come from inside the cell that include several types of molecules in its cytoplasm.

KINASES

an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to the target molecule.

− This mechanism accelerates the energy of the target molecule or changes its shape.

CYCLINS

a group of proteins that activates Kinases that help control cell cycle.