ARH 252 Exam 3

Terracotta

glazed or unglazed porous earthenware, figurines, and other decorative materials from clay which is dried and fired

Tumulus

a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mound

Fibula

Used to hold/pin garments at the top of their shoulders. Like a safety pin. Work is Repousse on top. Piece on bottom is made by granulation

Necropolis

large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. (Etruscan)

Granulation

tiny balls of metal (granules) are fused to a metal surface

Repoussé

hammered into relief from the reverse side

Sarcophagus

a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece

Joie de vivre

joy of life

Tuscan Column

made with a base unlike many roman ones, column is plain

Horror vacui

fear of empty space

Etruscan Temple

Had 3 cellas, raised on a platform, sculptures on the roof, one entrance

Chimera

a fire-breathing she-monster in Greek mythology having a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail

Podium

Pilasters

Portico

Orator Pose

hand up and pointed out- leader who was eloquent

Romulus and Remus

twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus

Concrete

Was used from the late Roman Republic until the end of the Roman Empire. It was used to build monuments, large buildings and infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The quality of the concrete was excellent and the buildings and monuments still standing today are a testament to the strength of their construction! After the roman empire ended, concrete doesn't resurface until 1700's

Roman Republic

Verism

realistic style in Roman art. It principally occurred in portraiture of politicians, whose imperfections of the face were exacerbated in order to highlight their old age and gravitas.

Imperial Rome

Pompeii

Was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Preserved under the ash, the excavated city offered a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried, although much of the detailed evidence of the everyday life of its inhabitants was lost in the excavations

Amphitheater

Veneer

would put marble over concrete, cheaper more economical

Basilica

non religious building typically for courts

Rounded Arch

Barrel Vault

looks like a barrel, one hallway

Groin Vault

4 barrel vaults that are intersected in the shape of a cross

Hemispherical dome

round walls with the roof as a dome with a hole in the middle

Linear Perspective

a technique used by artists to create the illusion of depth and space using relative size and position of a group of objects

Atmospheric Perspective

achieved by using color, value, contrast, and texture to simulate how objects far away appear less colorful and lighter in value than objects close to the viewer.

The Pantheon

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

First-Style Painting

Imitating costly marble or stone panel

Second-Style Painting

Aim to imitate imaginary 3-D scenes or landscapes. Did use linear perspective to create these scenes

Third-Style Painting

Solid color walls with delicate linear designs and a tiny scene at the center. Not illusionistic

Fourth-Style Painting

A mix of the previous styles. Irrational architecture scenes or fragments; mythological scenes

Pax Augusta/Pax Romana

Augustus credited with this, period of peace for Rome

Aqueduct

Gradient: goes down 34 cm for every kilometer
Elite houses could have fresh water come into their home
Top priority: fountains, because they were the water source for average citizens

Coffers

Roman Temple

Colosseum

Augustus

Triumphal Arch

Vespasian

Trajan

one of the first emperors to be chosen, rather than to inherit power as part of a ruling family. prioritized protecting and expanding the Roman Empire

Hadrian

the second most important Roman emperor after Augustus, and indeed the second of the four emperors who formed Rome’s golden age in the 2nd century AD. Hadrian established, or re-established, many of the principles on which Rome’s success depended. But, like Augustus, Hadrian was essentially a manager rather than a fighter, and one of the first things he did was to draw back from some of his predecessor’s conquests.

Marcus Aurelius

Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana

Constantine

made Christianity legal, moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople (Istanbul now)

Column of Trajan

a 40 meter column with a spiral frieze up it and a statue of trajan on top

Tetrarchy

the governor of one of four divisions of a country or province

Damnation memoriae

“Condemnation of memory,” in the sense of a judgment that a person must not be remembered. It was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman State. The intent was to erase someone from history

Apotheosis

the transformation from mortal to divine, was the ultimate goal for many Roman emperors, and required the recognition of the Senate.

Late Antiquity (Late Roman Empire)

Constantine (r. 306-336) restores one-man rule, ends persecution of Christians and moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople in 330.
The move east leads to the decline of the Western half of the empire.
The Late Empire is a time of strife and upheaval. Art begins to reflect this anxiety and instability of the empire. This is the beginnings of what will become the Late Antique style

Polytheism

belief in multiple Gods

Monotheism

belief in a single God

aisle

a long narrow passage, center of the church

apse

a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church

transept

structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles. adds extra space in church

clerestory

part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light

narthex

the entrance area of the church

Basilica Plan

The basilica plan, with its nave, aisles, and apse, remained the basis for church building in the Western Church. It gradually passed out of use in the Eastern Church

Central Plan

Alter is in the center and everything including the chairs are centered around it

Cruciform Plan

building in the shape of a cross (study slides)

Ambulatory Nave

Mausoleum

an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. ex, mausoleum of Augustus

Catacombs

tombs, where early Christians worshiped when Christianity was illegal so we have a lot of early Christian art

Orants

in a posture of prayer

Torah

the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition, first five books of the Bible

The Good Shepard motif

shows the gentle side of Christ, very popular in the early church

Prefiguration

an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come. jonah prefigures Christ

Relics

an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person

Baptism

a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth

Old St. Peter’s

Old St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I.

Martyr

kill as a martyr, killed for faith

Continuous Narration

Byzantine Empire

Emperor Justinian

San Vitale

Hagia Sophia

Tallest building of Europe for over a century. central planned church

Iconoclasm

100 years in the byzantine empire where we don't have religious art, religious art is destroyed because the line was crossed concerning making carved images/idols

Pendentives

used to bridge gaps in hagai sophia

Eucharist (Communion)

Christ and the 12 disciples

Monastery

Monasticism

when someone has devoted their life to God, they must divide themselves from the world

Virgin Mary

Icon

Relics

Saints

Mosaic method

Pantokrator

Christ Pantocrator is an icon of Christ represented full or half-length and full-faced. He holds the book of the Gospels in his left hand and blesses with his right hand.

Crucifixion

the death of Jesus by crucifixion

Triptych

a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece

Lamentation

Virgin of Compassion

Annunciation

Mandorla

full body halo

Transfiguration of Christ

Jesus ascends into heaven

Theotokos

another name for Mary, meaning mother of God

Private Devotion