Terracotta
glazed or unglazed porous earthenware, figurines, and other decorative materials from clay which is dried and fired
Tumulus
a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mound
Fibula
Used to hold/pin garments at the top of their shoulders. Like a safety pin. Work is Repousse on top. Piece on bottom is made by granulation
Necropolis
large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments. (Etruscan)
Granulation
tiny balls of metal (granules) are fused to a metal surface
Repoussé
hammered into relief from the reverse side
Sarcophagus
a stone coffin, typically adorned with a sculpture or inscription and associated with the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome, and Greece
Joie de vivre
joy of life
Tuscan Column
made with a base unlike many roman ones, column is plain
Horror vacui
fear of empty space
Etruscan Temple
Had 3 cellas, raised on a platform, sculptures on the roof, one entrance
Chimera
a fire-breathing she-monster in Greek mythology having a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail
Podium
Pilasters
Portico
Orator Pose
hand up and pointed out- leader who was eloquent
Romulus and Remus
twin brothers whose story tells of the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus, following his fratricide of Remus
Concrete
Was used from the late Roman Republic until the end of the Roman Empire. It was used to build monuments, large buildings and infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The quality of the concrete was excellent and the buildings and monuments still standing today are a testament to the strength of their construction! After the roman empire ended, concrete doesn't resurface until 1700's
Roman Republic
Verism
realistic style in Roman art. It principally occurred in portraiture of politicians, whose imperfections of the face were exacerbated in order to highlight their old age and gravitas.
Imperial Rome
Pompeii
Was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Preserved under the ash, the excavated city offered a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried, although much of the detailed evidence of the everyday life of its inhabitants was lost in the excavations
Amphitheater
Veneer
would put marble over concrete, cheaper more economical
Basilica
non religious building typically for courts
Rounded Arch
Barrel Vault
looks like a barrel, one hallway
Groin Vault
4 barrel vaults that are intersected in the shape of a cross
Hemispherical dome
round walls with the roof as a dome with a hole in the middle
Linear Perspective
a technique used by artists to create the illusion of depth and space using relative size and position of a group of objects
Atmospheric Perspective
achieved by using color, value, contrast, and texture to simulate how objects far away appear less colorful and lighter in value than objects close to the viewer.
The Pantheon
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
First-Style Painting
Imitating costly marble or stone panel
Second-Style Painting
Aim to imitate imaginary 3-D scenes or landscapes. Did use linear perspective to create these scenes
Third-Style Painting
Solid color walls with delicate linear designs and a tiny scene at the center. Not illusionistic
Fourth-Style Painting
A mix of the previous styles. Irrational architecture scenes or fragments; mythological scenes
Pax Augusta/Pax Romana
Augustus credited with this, period of peace for Rome
Aqueduct
Gradient: goes down 34 cm for every kilometer Elite houses could have fresh water come into their home Top priority: fountains, because they were the water source for average citizens
Coffers
Roman Temple
Colosseum
Augustus
Triumphal Arch
Vespasian
Trajan
one of the first emperors to be chosen, rather than to inherit power as part of a ruling family. prioritized protecting and expanding the Roman Empire
Hadrian
the second most important Roman emperor after Augustus, and indeed the second of the four emperors who formed Rome’s golden age in the 2nd century AD. Hadrian established, or re-established, many of the principles on which Rome’s success depended. But, like Augustus, Hadrian was essentially a manager rather than a fighter, and one of the first things he did was to draw back from some of his predecessor’s conquests.
Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana
Constantine
made Christianity legal, moved the capital of Rome to Constantinople (Istanbul now)
Column of Trajan
a 40 meter column with a spiral frieze up it and a statue of trajan on top
Tetrarchy
the governor of one of four divisions of a country or province
Damnation memoriae
“Condemnation of memory,” in the sense of a judgment that a person must not be remembered. It was a form of dishonor that could be passed by the Roman Senate upon traitors or others who brought discredit to the Roman State. The intent was to erase someone from history
Apotheosis
the transformation from mortal to divine, was the ultimate goal for many Roman emperors, and required the recognition of the Senate.
Late Antiquity (Late Roman Empire)
Constantine (r. 306-336) restores one-man rule, ends persecution of Christians and moves the capital from Rome to Constantinople in 330.The move east leads to the decline of the Western half of the empire. The Late Empire is a time of strife and upheaval. Art begins to reflect this anxiety and instability of the empire. This is the beginnings of what will become the Late Antique style
Polytheism
belief in multiple Gods
Monotheism
belief in a single God
aisle
a long narrow passage, center of the church
apse
a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church
transept
structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles. adds extra space in church
clerestory
part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light
narthex
the entrance area of the church
Basilica Plan
The basilica plan, with its nave, aisles, and apse, remained the basis for church building in the Western Church. It gradually passed out of use in the Eastern Church
Central Plan
Alter is in the center and everything including the chairs are centered around it
Cruciform Plan
building in the shape of a cross (study slides)
Ambulatory Nave
Mausoleum
an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. ex, mausoleum of Augustus
Catacombs
tombs, where early Christians worshiped when Christianity was illegal so we have a lot of early Christian art
Orants
in a posture of prayer
Torah
the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tradition, first five books of the Bible
The Good Shepard motif
shows the gentle side of Christ, very popular in the early church
Prefiguration
an example that prefigures or foreshadows what is to come. jonah prefigures Christ
Relics
an object or article of religious significance from the past. It usually consists of the physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person
Baptism
a Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and rebirth
Old St. Peter’s
Old St. Peter's Basilica was the building that stood, from the 4th to 16th centuries, where the new St. Peter's Basilica stands today in Vatican City. Construction of the basilica, built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero, began during the reign of Emperor Constantine I.
Martyr
kill as a martyr, killed for faith
Continuous Narration
Byzantine Empire
Emperor Justinian
San Vitale
Hagia Sophia
Tallest building of Europe for over a century. central planned church
Iconoclasm
100 years in the byzantine empire where we don't have religious art, religious art is destroyed because the line was crossed concerning making carved images/idols
Pendentives
used to bridge gaps in hagai sophia
Eucharist (Communion)
Christ and the 12 disciples
Monastery
Monasticism
when someone has devoted their life to God, they must divide themselves from the world
Virgin Mary
Icon
Relics
Saints
Mosaic method
Pantokrator
Christ Pantocrator is an icon of Christ represented full or half-length and full-faced. He holds the book of the Gospels in his left hand and blesses with his right hand.
Crucifixion
the death of Jesus by crucifixion
Triptych
a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece
Lamentation
Virgin of Compassion
Annunciation
Mandorla
full body halo
Transfiguration of Christ
Jesus ascends into heaven
Theotokos
another name for Mary, meaning mother of God
Private Devotion