China

Daoism

* The way things should go if not disrupted by the perverse actions of man
* Founded by Lao Zi
* Withdrew from the distractions of the world by going off in to the mountains on a water buffalo
* Mystical, magical, philosophical, monastic
* Follows The Three Jewels
* Compassion
* Moderation
* Humility

Buddhism

* Originates in India
* More related to Hindu culture than to traditional Chinese thinking
* Accepts reincarnation
* Dharma and karma
* Four Noble Truths
* Suffering is universal
* The cause of suffering is desire
* To end suffering, one must crush desire
* Follow the Eighth Fold Path

Legalism

* Arose in opposition to Confucian thought
* Founded by Shi Huang Di
* Characteristics
* Realistic
* Harsh
* Structured
* People are bad

Confucianism

* Stresses living in the world appropriately, rather than withdrawing from it
* Founded by Confucius
* Teacher and scholar
* Credited with composing five books, became the standard for Chinese education
* History, Poetry, Rites, Changes (numerology), and Spring & Autumn

Yin and Yang

* Ancient Chinese thinking
* Appreciation of the natural cycle of the earth and the idea of harmony and order
* Opposites, balance
* Adopted by Daoists
* Yang
* Active, warm, dry
* Hot
* Yin
* Lower
* Sower
* Cold

Qing Dynasty

* The last imperial dynasty of China
* 1644-1912
* Manchurian rule
* Overthrown
* Extreme isolation

Footbining

* The practice of binding a women’s foot to prevent growth
* Cultural beauty
* Used for daughters of wealthy families in order to marry well

Opium Wars

* Britain began trading opium in China
* Many Chinese people became addicted to opium
* China banned Britain from trading opium
* Britain refused and went to war with China, forcing China to accept the opium
* Britain defeated China and China was forced to accept opium trade
* China was forced to sign “unequal treaties” and had many of their ports/land divided between foreign nation
* Resulted in many rebellions against the British presence

Taiping Rebellion

* Civil War
* 1850-1864
* Revolt against the Qing Dynasty
* Fought against both religious and economic conditions
* Taiping Heavenly Kingdom vs Manchu-led dynasty
* Taipings were defeated

Boxer Rebellion

* Gang group who assaulted foreigners in China
* Angry with foreign influence
* Crushed by Japan and Europeans

Film: The Last Emperor

* Follows the life of last Qing Emperor: Puyi
* Lived in The Forbidden City, hidden away from the war
* Was deceived by the Japanese
* Led into a reeducation camp
* Became a gardener after release

Mao Zedong

* Chinese Warlord
* Led the Communist party
* Offered freedom for peasants and women
* Nationalists “allowed" foreigners to dominate China
* First Reforms
* Re-distributed land, killed many landlords
* Women = Men
* Controlled all intellectual life
* Socialized Agriculture (communes)
* 100 Flowers to Bloom
* No one could insult the Communist party
* Anti-Rightest Campaign
* Silenced all complaints

Sun Yat-Sen

* Chinese hero
* Led Chinese Revolution
* Defeated outside powers
* Three goals
* End foreign domination
* Form a representative government
* Create economic security for China

Chiang Kai Shek

* Chinese politician, revolutionary, and military leader
* Part of Kuomingtan
* Head of Nationalist government in China
* Fled to Taiwan, built the nation

Long March

* 1934
* Communists had suffered loss against the Nationalists, fled to a different location
* Most of the men died and was considered a major defeat

Great Leap Forward

* 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry
* Communes
* Failed due to poor quality of products, weather, and agriculture
* Resulted in starvation: 30 million died in 3 years; led to cannibalism

Cultural Revolution

* Against old thoughts, old cultures, old customs, old habits
* To rebel is good
* Schools shut down for 10 years
* Red Guards
* 1.5 million died
* Mao developed a cult of personality

Red Guard

* Worshipped Mao
* Students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers
* Attacked those who were “higher intellectually”

Deng Xiaoping

* De-Maonization
* Opened up foreign investments and technology
* Turned China into one of the world’s fastest-growing economies
* Economic Decisions
* Special Economic Zones
* Foreign investments that were free from government intervention
* Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen

Tiananmen Square

* 1989
* College students began demanding more political rights
* Protestors gathered in Tiananmen Square
* June 4: Chinese military opened fire and killed/arrested anyone in the square
* Tank Man
* Made it clear that China will not allow democracy or individual rights

SEZ/Contract Responsibility System

* Replaced communes
* Did not restore private ownership of land
* Government controlled land

Xi Jingping

* Current President of China
* Dictator
* Will stay President until death/resign

Tibet

* Internationally recognized as part of China
* Independent jurisdiction
* CCP encourages citizens to move into Tibet
* Genocide
* Many monks have fled to India, including the Dalai Lama

Dalai Lama

* Spiritual leader of Tibet
* Lives in India as a refugee
* Will choose not to reincarnate due to the situation with the Panchen Lama

Uyghurs

* Ethnic Chinese minority
* Sent to concentration camps
* Forced to give up Islam
* Genocide

Population Issues

* One-Child Policy
* Reduced the population
* China now needs to create a larger population again

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