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Language and Linguistics 24
Pragmatics
The study of contextual meaning and how more gets communicated than is said.
Contextual meaning
Meaning derived from the situational context and previous discourse.
Linguistic context
What has been previously spoken or written.
Situational context
Knowledge of the world that influences the interpretation of language.
Pronouns
Lexical items that derive meaning from their antecedents in a sentence.
Antecedent
Any noun phrase that a pronoun depends on for its meaning.
Deixis
Reference of certain words that relies on the situational context of the utterance.
Time deixis
Words or expressions that refer to time relative to the moment of speaking.
Place deixis
Words or expressions that refer to location relative to the speaker's position.
Conversational maxims
Principles that guide effective communication: quantity of information, quality of information, relation, and manner.
Positive face
The desire to be liked and approved of by others.
Negative face
The desire to be respected and not imposed upon by others.
Performative verbs
Verbs that accomplish an action by being spoken, such as promise or warn.
Illocutionary force
The intended effect or purpose behind a sentence.
Perlocutionary effect
The actual effect an utterance has on a listener.
Direct request
A straightforward command or request without hedging.
Indirect request
A request that is made in a more subtle or polite manner.
Imposition minimizer
A phrase used to soften the request and acknowledge the listener's situation.
Speech acts
Actions performed via utterances that convey intention beyond mere words.
Telegraphic discourse
Communication that omits elements like verbs and objects, relying on context for understanding.
Note 
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