Chapter 20 ID

Agricultural Revolution

the application of new agricultural techniques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the 18th century

Open-field system/crop rotation

* by rotating crops, fields were seeded with a different crop each year so as not to drain the fertility out of the soil (crop rotation)
*  the open field system was a good way of community living wherein everything was shared between the rich and the poor

Jethro Tull

* ideas helped form the basis of modern British agriculture 
* He designed plowing and seeding contraptions that made farming a not-so-strenuous task as before. His inventions revolutionized the agricultural business altogether

Enclosure acts

stole the people's land, impoverished small farmers, and destroyed the agrarian way of life that had sustained families and villages for centuries

Cottage industry

inventions of the flying shuttle (increased process on a loom) and spinning jenny (increase production of yarn)

Arkwright’s water frame\*\*\*

a successful entrepreneur in the early industrial revolution

Why Great Britain?

Many looms and weaver places were in Great Britain because of their ability to produce high-quality but cheap products aboard

Crompton’s mule

a place where workers would work with machines and the workers would bring their families to live around that area

James Watt

developed the steam engine, which led to needed coal to power it (coal expansion)

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This steam engine expanded cotton textile production

Puddling / pig iron / wrought iron

a process by which it was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce wrought iron, which led to the expansion of the iron industry

Stephenson’s *Rocket*

* used on the first public railway at 16 miles per hour 
* this new way of transportation changed the view of time, space, and nature because of how fast it goes

Factory discipline

* When factories were developed, factory owners could not afford to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace 
* this was a huge adjustment for the early factory laborers

Crystal Palace

* a place that contributed to displaying products invented in the Industrial Revolution
* it was a symbol of how the Industrial Revolution had achieved human domination over nature and represented British imperial power

Friedrich List

* felt that a nation must use protective tariffs (taxes on imported goods
* insisted that they could not compete with Britain without protective tariffs

German Industrialization

before, Germany was lacking in technological advancements in the industrial revolution until the coke-smelted iron was invented and the country ended up being the highest coal and iron production above England

India

India was doing good in exporting cotton cloth until the British increased land and rent prices which caused workers in India to be unemployed

Population growth

* cause of population growth - a decline in death rates, (famines and war) better food supply 
* ex: Ireland: people getting married earlier than anyone else in Europe and having kids

“islands in the agricultural sea”

the majority of the population was working in mining, manufacturing, or building

Irish Potato Famine

The Irish relied on Potatoes for food but when the fungus was on the Potatoes, people died of starvation and disease, which caused a population decline and many Irish emigrated to the US and Britain

Urbanization

* Many people were living in poor living conditions in the first half of the 19th century once there was a growth in the industrial revolution
* ex: burning coal in the air filled the air with ash and soot, water pollution - lack of sewage, crowded rooms

Poor Law Commission

* people investigated that the poor living conditions of the time had effects on people 
* ex: prostitution, crime, sexual immorality, and young working-class men were shorter than others

Chadwick  / Cholera

* Secretary of the Poor Law Commission that investigated the poor living conditions
* advocated a system of modern sanitary reforms that include effective sewers and piped water
* As a result of this, he gained support from others because of their fear of Cholera spreading and it was caused by dirty conditions and poor sewage system

Industrial Middle Class / Entrepreneurs

* The word *Bourgeoisie* lost its original meaning and in the Industrial Revolution, it means anyone involved in commerce, industry, banking, lawyers, teachers, physicians, and government officials 
* The Entrepreneurs at the time were very ambitious but the job wasn't an easy task because they determined markets, set company objectives, organized the factory and its labor, and trained supervisors

Dissenters as entrepreneurs???

These minorities had iron manufacturers, bankers, and brewers

Aristocracy of labor

The close relationship between land and industry help Britain assume the leadership role in the early industrial revolution

“places of work”

* what early factories were called, people would work for long hours and get a little break in between
* The environmental of work would be not safe because of the bad air quality of burning coal. Bad lungs
* Children under 11 would be forced to work from their parents, and also worked long hours

Factory Act of 1833

* women would take their place and women would get paid less than men 
*  prohibited the employment of children under nine years of age in all textile mills (except silk) powered by steam or water (early child labor laws)

Poor Law Act of 1834

when people were forced to live with other jobless people and work and had a prison-like feel to it. People were separated from their families, fed bad food, and work in horrible conditions

Industrial Revolution – good or bad?

* The Revolution had some positive effects and some negative  like increased employment and lowered prices on consumer goods
* Some people got benefits from the Revolution like the middle class

Combination Acts  / Trade unions

* workers in the same trade formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions (trade union)
*  In 1824, Parliament repealed (undid) these laws so that workers had the right to join a labor union and to go on strike

Robert Owen

advocating a humane living standard for all

Luddites

* skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and Northern England 
* protested the introduction of machines that threatened to make their jobs obsolete (not in use)

The People’s Charter

* How Chartism got its name - demanded universal male suffrage, payment of members of Parliament, the elimination of property qualifications for members of parliament  
* Women were involved and were fighting for the rights for their husbands because Chartists didn’t have women vote 
* Chartism was the first movement both working class in character and national in scope that grew out of the protest against the injustices of the new industrial and political order in Britain

Government Reforms

Some reforms that the government made were limiting the hours children can work, children under 9 can’t work, Children and Women can work for 10 hours under the Ten Hour Act, and Factory Inspectors where there to find those who were breaking the law