Chapter 2.4 and 9 Test - Ribblett

A chemical reaction

a process that changes, or transforms, one set of compounds to another. Chemical reactions involve changes in energy

Reactants

elements or compounds that engage in a chemical reaction

Products

elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Activation energy

the energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalyst

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction. They work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy

Enzymes

biological catalysts, most are proteins. Their role is to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

Substrates

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

ATP

a compound used by cells to store and release energy

photosynthesis

process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars (glucose) and starches

heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things, mammals for example

autotroph

organisms that are able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds, plants for example

pigment

light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun’s energy

chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organismss

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

NADP+

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

light-dependent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light or sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH

light-independent reactions

set of reactions that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar (glucose); also called the Calvin Cycle

photosystem

cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoidss

electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

ATP synthase

cluster of proteins that span the thylakoid membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it

Calvin Cycle

the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

stroma

thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

stroma

What are the products of light-dependent reactions?

NADPH, ATP, and H2O

What is the product of the Calvin Cycle?

sugars (glucose)

What are the reactants of light-dependent reactions?

H2O

What are the reactants of light-independent reactions?

ATP, NADPH, and CO2

Where do organisms get energy they need to regenerate ATP?

foods like glucose

What are the three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

temperature, water amount, and light intensity

What is ATP made of?

Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs?

heterotrophs

Give two examples of autotrophs

plants, cyanobacteria

Give two examples of heterotrophs

mammals, reptiles

What is the ultimate source of energy autotrophs use to produce their own food?

the sun, sunlight

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

How many phosphates are in a molecule of ADP

2

How is ATP made from ADP

1 phosphate group is added to ATP

Name 3 cellular activities that use the energy stored in ATP

Active transport, movement, and making proteins

What light does chlorophyll absorb well?

green and yellow

What are the light-absorbing molecules called that gather the sun’s energy in plants

pigments

Write the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2+6H2O-(light)→C6H12O6+6O2

What two things are required for photosynthesis to happen in addition to water and carbon dioxide?

ATP and NADPH

How many molecules of carbon dioxide used to make 1 molecule of glucose

6

What is the chemical equation for glucose

C6H12O6

TRUE OR FALSE - Are ATP and NADPH used to produce high-energy sugars in light-dependent reactions?

FALSE, light-independent reactions

Where is the first step of photosynthesis?

Photosystem II

What happens to oxygen produced in light-dependent reactions?

It is released into the atmosphere

How does NADP+ become NADP

Hydrogen ions and electrons are added

Name 3 factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs

Temperature, water amount, light intensity

TRUE OR FALSE - Carbon dioxide molecules enter the light-dependent reactions from the atmosphere

FALSE, light-independent reactions

TRUE OR FALSE - ATP synthase spins like a turbine as H+ ions pass through it to generate ATP

TRUE

Where does ATP formation happen?

stroma