1.2 primary tissue and integumentary

Connective Tissue (CT)

Connect, support, and help bind other tissue

what are the 4 types of primary tissue?

1. epithial

2. muscle

3. nervous

4. connective

what are the 2 types of muscle tissue?

1. striated (skeletal, cardiac, visceral)

2. smooth

where does connective tissue develp

In mesodermal germ layer, along with muscle and bone

what are the 3 germ layers

• in fetus ( early embryo)

1. ectoderm - skin, nervous system

2. mesoderm - bone, muscle, connective tissue

3. endoderm - organs and linings of tracts

examples of connective tissue

facia, ligaments, joint capsules, tendons, cartilage, bone, blood

• most widely distributed tissue, very fundamental

• organs would collapse without it, helps function

connective tissue special functions

1. binding structures together

2. supports structure where rigidity is called for.…. ex) ligaments that resist motion in certain directions

3. protections organs (sometimes bones and cartilage) with sheaths or capsules

4. helps divide parts of the body

5. unites dissimilar tissue, muscle to bone… tendons

6. fills empty space of the body

7. provides framework through body which helps vessels and nerves proceed to their destination

components that make up all connective tissue

cells, fibers, extracellular matrix (ECM)

3 types of fibers

1. collagen

2. reticular

3. elastic

most CT has a little of all 3.

what does the function of connective tissue depend on

percentage or arraignment of the 3 components and 3 cell fiber types.

what do collagen fiber offer

• strength and support

• powerful resistance to pulling forces

Mainly found in tendons/ ligaments/ cartilage

what do reticular fibers offer

• offers support but more movement

• mesh of CT around blood vessels and nerves

• forms firm attachment of basement of epithelial tissue, adipose tissue

• “baseline structure”

what do elastic fibers offer

• offer elasticity, not rigid

• found where flexibility is needed

• in blood vessels and skin

• surround vital organs, such as lungs

• ligaments that require flexibility, such as ligamentum flava

fiber types and connective tissue

all 3 fiber types ( collagen, reticular, elastic ) are found in all connective tissue

• the amount will just very based on the structures function

two types of connective tissue

1. Proper CT

2. Specialized CT

proper connective tissue

• loose CT ( in superficial fascia/ subcutaneous tissue) - layer of right under skin

• dense CT ( in deep/ investing fascia) - layer before muscle

  • irregular

  • regular

specialized connective tissue

everything else

• cartilage

• bone

• adipose ( fat tissue)

• blood, lymph

what does loose proper connective tissue CT (superficial fascia) do?

• facilitates movement between structures

loosely holds structures in place

Whats special about dense IRREGULAR CT

Resist multidirectional forces

• fibers oriented in different directions

• joint capsule, skin, periosteum

whats special about dense REGULAR CT

Resists unidirectional forces

• fibers oriented primarily in one direction

• tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

• “mostly fiber”

cartilage primary functions ( specialized connective tissue)

• support framework of some organs

• form articulating surfaces of bones ( improve joint congruency)

• Flexibility!

Can resist compressive forces

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

1. hyaline ( articular - movement )

2. Fibrocartilage

3. elastic

When is hyaline (articular) present?

When movement is needed!

• most common type

• provides flexibility and support for sliding/gliding (joints)

• ex) head of femur

What does fibrocartilage provide?

Provides support and rigidity!

• some motion but not a lot

• toughest cartilage, dense masses of collagen fibers

• ex) intervertebral discs

What makes elastic cartilage different?

VERY flexible and resilient!

• provides support, maintains shape

• elastic fibers

• ex) ear lobe & epiglotis

Primary functions of Bone ( specialized connective tissue)

• protection

• attachment for muscles ( movement!)

• stores minerals

• produces blood cells

what are the 2 regions of bone

1. axial skeleton ( axis, protection)

2. appendicular skeleton ( attachments, movement)

What are the 2 bone types?

1. compact bone

• outer layer of all bones

• strength

2. spongy bone

• center of most bones, except long bones

• mineral storage, gives bones “lightness)

What does adipose provide? (specialized connective tissue)

energy storage, insulation, organ protection, hormone secretion

• “fat tissue”

what does blood, lymph specialized CT do?

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste ( fluid connective tissue)

What is the purpose of ligaments?

Connect bone to bone!

• withstands high forces in one direction

what is the purpose of tendons?

Connect muscle to bone!

• can resist any excessive force

• transmits muscle movements to bones to make body movements!

definition of joint

articulation between 2 or more rigid components ( bone w bone, cartilage ..)

• movement available at the joints depends on joint type

what are the 3 types of joints

1. fibrous (no motion)

2. cartilaginous (some motion, more stable)

3. synovial ( most common joint)

How much movement does a fibrous joint provide?

NO MOVEMENT!

• between irregular bony surfaces

• meant for stablility, rigid!

ex) between bones in the skull

How much movement does a cartilaginous joint provide?

Provides a little movement ( like rocking)

• space filled with fibrocartilage and hylaline cartilage

• support / strength/ structure!

ex) joints in ribs & in vertebra

How much movement does a synovial joint provide?

a lot more movement! (large movement)

• smooth articular/hyaline cartilage covers surfaces

ex) hip joint/ elbow joint/ glenohumeral joint

What do all synovial joints have?

A JOINT CAPSULE

what is a joint capsule?

protective sleeve that holds the joint together while still letting it move (CT)

what are the 2 layers that makeup a joint capsule?

1. outer fibrous layer ( stabilization role)

2. inner synovial layer ( lubrication role)

• synovial fluid, reduces friction

What is present sometimes to help synovial joints?

LIGAMENTS!

• improves stability and joint congruence

• Intra- / and or extra- articular

Some will also have fibrocartilage ( some movement but not a-lot)

• sternoclavicular joint ( in collar bone)

Is the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) unstable?

not necessarily, rotator cuff muscles and ligaments give it stability. But it is the most mobile.

what type of tissue is the skin made of?

epithelial tissue

what are the skins 2 layers?

1. epidermis

• superficial layer of skin

1. dermis

• underlying tissue of epidermis

• contains vessels, sensory receptos, and sweat glands

what is the tissue deep to the dermis called?

Subcutaneous tissue!

aka superficial fascia