Immunosero Quiz 2

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52 Terms

1

Immunologic Reactions

Reactions involving antigens and antibodies, classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary.

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2

Primary Phase

The stage of immunologic reactions where antigens and antibodies combine, typically non-visible.

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3

Secondary Phase

The stage where visible antigen-antibody reactions occur, such as agglutination or precipitation.

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4

Tertiary Phase

The stage where biological effects such as phagocytosis and opsonization are observable.

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5

Direct

The test that detects a known antigen on the specimen using a known anti-sera.

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6

Indirect

The test that detects unknown antibodies on the patient serum using a known commercial antigen.

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7

Precipitation Test

A test that measures the formation of a visible precipitate in a fluid medium when antigen and antibody react.

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8

Nephelometry

A technique measuring scattered light to determine the concentration of insoluble complexes formed by antigen-antibody reactions.

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9

Turbidimetry

A method that measures the decrease in light intensity in a solution of antigen-antibody complexes.

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10

The _____ the light intensity, the ____ the concentration of complexes.

Lower, Higher

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11
  • Size of particles

  • Temperature

  • Gel viscosity and hydration

Factors that affects Immunodiffusion:

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12

Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)

A single diffusion, double dimension immunodiffusion technique.

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13

Fahey and Mckelvey

  • The kinetic method of RID.

  • read after 18 hours.

  • multiple measurements are also performed.

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14

Mancini

  • The Endpoint method of RID.

  • IgG is read at 24-48 hrs.

  • IgM is read at 50-72 hrs.

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15

Oudin test

The most simple single diffusion, single dimension immunodiffusion technique.

Antigen diffuse towards the agar gel, no electrical current needed.

Result is a Precipitin Line

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16

Ouchterlony test

A double, diffusion, double dimension immunodiffusion technique.

widely used for comparing antigens.

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17

Identity

they will form a smooth arc in an Ouchterlony test.

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18

Partial Identity

A spur- shaped line appears in the ouchterlony test.

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19

Non-Identity

A crossing lines form in the ouchterlony test.

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20

Oakley and Futhrope

A double (linear) diffusion, single dimension Ouchterlony test method.

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21

Prozone phenomenon

A condition where excess antibodies prevent precipitation, leading to unbound antibodies being detectable in the supernatant.

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22

Serum Dilution

Remedy for Prozone phenomenon

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23

Zone of Equivalence

The optimal mixing point of antigen and antibody where maximal precipitation occurs.

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24

Postzone phenomenon

Occurs when excess antigens inhibit precipitation, leading to unbound antigens detectable in the supernatant.

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25

Repeat the test after a week to give time for the antigen to reproduce.

Remedy for Postzone phenomenon

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26

Immunoelectrophoresis

A technique combining electrophoresis with immunodiffusion to analyze serum proteins.

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27

Rocket electrophoresis

One dimension, Electroimmunodiffusion technique.

It is a quick and simple in determining the concentration of specific antigens in a unknown sample.

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28

The height of rocket is _______ to the concentration of antigen.

Directly proportional

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29

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE)

Modification of Ouchterlony

Antigen and antibody puts onto the wells and Antibody migrates towards the cathode (-) and antigen to anode (+)

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30

Grading of Agglutination

Smooth suspension

0

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31

Grading of Agglutination

Barely discernible clumps

1+

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32

Grading of Agglutination

numerous small clumps

2+

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33

Grading of Agglutination

Several large clumps

3+

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34

Grading of Agglutination

One solid clump

4+

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35

Complement Fixation Test

A test that uses complement proteins to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a sample.

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36

No Agglutination

The positive result for agglutination inhibition.

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37

Agglutination

The negative result for Agglutination inhibition.

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38

Indirect Antiglobulin Tests (IAT)

Identifies reactions of reagent RBC antigen with specific antibody when the reaction occurs in vitro.

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39

Direct Antiglobulin test (DAT)

Detects specific antibodies or other serum proteins that bind to a px’s erythrocytes.

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40

Labeled Immunoassay

A more specific and more sensitive compared to agglutination and precipitation reaction.

Referred to as receptor-ligand assays.

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41

Fluorescent Antibody Test

A test that uses fluorescently labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens or antibodies.

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42

Fluorescent isothiocyanate

Green fluorescence dye commonly used label in Fluorescent Antibody Test.

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43

Tetramethyl Rhodamine

Red-orange fluorescence dye used for labeling.

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44

phycocyanin

A red fluorescence dye used for labelling.

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45

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Test used to detecting and locating a specific DNA sequence on a metaphase chromosome and interphase of nucleus.

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46

Competitive RIA

One of the most sensitive techniques for measuring hormones, drugs, and vitamins at concentration of <0.001.

Principle:

binding of radiolabeled Ag and unlabeled Ag to the limited supply of high affinity Ab.

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47

Non-competitive RIA

Aka Sandwich Assay or IRMA

Bound radiolabeled Ab is directly proportional to the px’s Ag present in supernatant fluid.

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48

Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)

A technique that uses enzyme-labeled antibodies for the quantitative or qualitative measurement of antigens.

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49

Western Blot

An analytical technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample, used as a confirmatory test for HIV.

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50

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A widely used method for amplifying specific DNA sequences.

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51

Flow Cytometry

A technique for analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles suspended in a fluid.

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52

Immunochromatography

A rapid test that employs antigen-antibody reactions, often used in point-of-care testing.

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