theories of personality erikson & horney

what was Horney’s major belief about the unconscious? what did she say about childhood?

belief = unconscious is important 

childhood = important for development

define basic anxiety/basic hostility, and the 3 types of basic anxiety.

basic anxiety = feeling lonely/helpless in a hostile world

basic hostility: must be repressed for survival/security

1) dependency 

2) fear of parents

3) fear of loss of love

define the 3 interpersonal orientations

1) moving toward (self-effacing solution)

2) moving against (expansive solution)

3) moving away (resignation solution)

what is the moving toward (self-effacing solution)?

• list 5 things and 1 subgroup

• overly dependent

• needs affection/approval

• undemanding/compliant

• manipulative demands (plays the saint)

• represses competion/dominance/emotions

  • will allow others to shine

what is the moving against (expansive solution)?

• list 6 facts and 1 subgroup

• ends justify the means, likeable facade

• needs control, dominance, and power

• exploits others

• self-worth derived from success/prestuige

• chooses a partner to enhance their own factors

• identifies w/ the ideal self

  • think they have everything/perfectionist

what is the moving away (resignation solution)?

• list 6 facts

• attitude of “IDC abt anything”

• emotionally flat

• self-sufficient, counterdependent 

• belittles their own potential/lacks goals

• overly sensitive to coercion/advice

• vacillates (indecisive) between despised real/ideal self

for healthy interpersonal orientations, which interpersonal orientations do they use? what about neurotics?

healthy = uses all 3 orientations 

neurotic = overemphasizes one orientation 

how do people who are neurotic tend to act? what type of personality do they have?

neurotic acts: tend to be aggressive

personality = all or nothing

define 4 traits about those who have neurotic trends.

• disproportionate in intensity = approach emotional needs in a out of proportion reality

• indisicirminant in application = everyone must love me

• disregard of reality

• intense anxeity when not satisfied

define the 4 major adjustments to basic anxiety and their functions

1) eclipsing the conflict

• moving towards dependence/against aggressiveness

2) detachment

• used by those who move away from others/isolate themselves

3) the idealized self

• moving away from who you really are

• alienation from the real self

• tyranny of the shoulds

4) externalization

• projection of internal conflict, failing class = teacher’s fault

define the 7 secondary adjustment techniques to basic anxiety and their functions

1) blind spots

• a person is unaware of behavior inconsistent with the idealized self-image

2) compartmentalizing 

• incompatible behaviors are not simultaneously recognized

3) rationalization 

• a person explains behaviors in socially acceptable ways

4) excessive self-control

• emotions are avoided

5) arbitrary rightness

• a person rigidly declares that his or her own view is correct

6) elusiveness

• person avoids commitment to any opinion or action

7) cynicism

• the moral values of society are rejected

what are two types of cultural determinants in development?

1) gender roles

2) cross-cultural differences

define the 4 factors of gender roles in cultural determinants in development, and their function

1) achievement 

• women are likely to be more complaint = trouble with identity development 

• men have to become good at work

2) social dominance

• result of cultural and societal forces than biological 

3) valuing the feminine role 

• Horney said it’s not the body parts you’re born with but the culture

• used womb envy that countered Freud’s penis envy via reproductive capacity 

4) mental health & gender role

• women: those who worked have a troubled mental problem 

  • told to be nurturing 

• males: show no emotion

• result = different mental health outcomes

define the 2 factors of cross-cultural differences in cultural determinants in development, and their function

1) individualism 

• more prioritized in the West

• acceptance of achievements & privileges

• encourages move-against orientation

2) collectivism 

• more prioritized in the East

• values the relationship between people and their shared goals/mutual responsibilities

• encourages moving towards orientation

how does therapy play a role in cultural determinants in development? what is parental indifference and the 4 factors of it?

therapy: allows individuals to see how societal/cultural roles can bring about basic anxiety

Parental indifference = the basic evil

1) coldly indifferent 

2) may be openly hostile, reject the child

3) child feels unwanted/unloved

4) caused by the parents’ own neurosis 

what is the relational approach within psychoanalytic theory? who supports the idea that interpersonal relationships are important for development?

the relational approach is the modern approach in psychoanalysis 

most theorists support the idea that interpersonal relationships are important for development

define what relational approach is in a positive/negative sense, and what object relations is

relational approach: modern approach to emphasize interpersonal relationships, especially those with parents at an early age

object relations: people serve as objects to satisfy libidinal drives 

define the two parts of the sense of self in relationships.

1) early relationships

2) sense of self

what is narcissism and the two factors and functions related to narcissism

narcissism = an unhealthy self-focus that impairs your ability to have healthy, empathic relationships with others

1) narcissistic-personality disorder

• have insecure self-esteem

• not empathetic 

• inflated egos

2) self-esteem

• whatever your ideals/values are need to be realistic

define the 3 types of attachment in infancy and adulthood

1) infant attachment

2) adult attachments/relationships

3) longitudinal studies of attachment 

what is infant attachment

bons of affection that an infant turns to a mom/caretaker for comfort/security

what are adult attachments, and define the 3 subtypes of attachments within them

shaped by childhood experiences that foster basic anxiety, leading to insecure attachment styles and three general neurotic trends

1) secure

2) avoidant 

3) anxious-ambivalent

in a relational approach to therapy,1) define the role of the therapist, 2) what the patient-therapist relationship can provide, and 3) give two ways this can occur

1) significant role, acts as an attachment figure

2) oppurtunity for transformation of old maldaptive relationships patterns to new ones

3) in transference relationship & therpaist to play role as bad parent

Define what the attachment styles below:

1) secure

2) avoidant 

3) anxious-ambivalent

1) find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them, and vice versa

2) somewhat uncomfortable being close to others

3) find that others are as reluctant to get as close as I would like

According to Horney, the two most important emotions in infancy which help understand later development are

basic anxiety/hostility

Horney described the child as experiencing the emotion of __________, which cannot be expressed because of parents' power.

hostility

A person who adopts the "self-effacing solution"

 is a "moving toward" type person.

People who adopt the expansive solution are seeking

mastery and/or power.

A person who adopts the "resignation solution" is a(n)

 moving away type person.

According to Horney, detached personality types seem to live by the motto

"If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me."

In Horney's view, a neurotic person is alienated from the __________ self.

real

People who never experience much emotion, whether anger, rage, sexual excitement, or other emotions, are probably __________, according to Horney.

using excessive self-control

The healthy use or interpersonal orientations _____

uses all orientations

There would be less neurosis, according to Horney's theory, if

parents loved their children more.

In contrast to Freud's emphasis on sexuality, Erikson emphasized the __________ aspects of personality.

social

Which statement best corresponds to Erikson's epigenetic principle?

Sex differences are largely a result of heredity.

Fathers, as well as mothers, are important in development.

 

Development occurs according to a ground plan, with each part having its time of special ascendancy.

Neurosis occurs when basic needs are not met.

Development occurs according to a ground plan, with each part having its time of special ascendancy.

According to Erikson's theory, the sense of __________ is particularly likely to interfere with an individual's initiative.

guilt

The crisis of __________ versus isolation occurs in early adulthood.

intimacy

Generativity can be expressed through the role of

Parent

 

Teacher

 

Mentor

 

All of the above

all of the above

Erikson's wife Joan, described a ninth stage of development that she and her husband had discussed. In the ninth stage a very old person confronts the negative aspects of earlier stages they may be experiencing again in their old age. This stage is called

integrity complex

Which term refers to the mature resolution of the identity crisis?

identity achievement

The psychosocial stages of development emphasizes culture and social interactions. (T/F)

true

Ideally, the infant should develop with no mistrust whatsoever. (T/F)

false

During the school age years, children develop a sense of

industry