L1-2 cancer genetics notes

This set of flashcards covers essential vocabulary related to cancer biology and treatment, focusing on key concepts and definitions for exam preparation.

Heterogeneous Tumor

A tumor composed of a diverse mixture of cell types, leading to variations in genetic and phenotypic characteristics.

Oncogenes

Genes that promote cell growth and division, which can lead to cancer when mutated or overexpressed.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that inhibit cell division and survival; mutations in these genes can result in uncontrolled cellular proliferation.

Selective Pressure

For cancer treatment, it refers to the application of therapies that eliminate certain cancer cells while allowing others to survive and potentially develop resistance.

Anaplasia

A condition of undifferentiated cells often seen in tumors, signifying a loss of normal cell features.

Angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels, which tumors stimulate to secure a blood supply for growth.

Intratumoral Heterogeneity

Variability within a single tumor mass, involving different cell subtypes and their unique genetic profiles.

Targeted Therapy

Cancer treatments that specifically target molecular changes associated with cancer, aiming for precision treatment.

Microenvironment

The surrounding cellular environment that influences tumor behavior and growth, including interactions with immune and stromal cells.

Cytokines

Proteins secreted by cells that affect the behavior of other cells, significant in immune responses and the tumor microenvironment.

Genomic Instability

An increased tendency of the genome to acquire mutations, often contributing to cancer progression.

Chemotherapy

A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells, including cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

A treatment that leverages the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells.

Cancer Stem Cells

A subpopulation of cancer cells with the ability to self-renew and drive tumor growth and recurrence.

Extrinsic Factors

External elements (e.g., growth factors, immune interactions, and the ECM) that drive cancer progression by assisting cell growth and evading apoptosis.

Four Main Stages of Cancer Progression

1. Initiation (abnormal cell proliferation), 2. Angiogenesis (developing a blood supply), 3. Invasion and Intravasation (entering the circulatory system), and 4. Metastasis (spreading to distant sites and forming secondary tumors).