Lesson 2: Study of Globalization

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97 Terms

1

That globalization is not new and began with early human migration

How does Manfred Steger view globalization’s origins?
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2

That it has expanded to a point of "convergence" rather than being a new phenomenon

What does Steger say about globalization after 1980?
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3
Parable of the Blind Men and the Elephant
A story illustrating how different perspectives can lead to incomplete understandings of a complex concept.
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Steger compares the study of globalization to the parable of the blind men and an elephant
How does Steger illustrate the complexity of globalization?
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Blind Man’s Interpretation: Trunk
The elephant is like a snake.
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Blind Man’s Interpretation: Ear
The elephant is like a fan.
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Blind Man’s Interpretation: Leg
The elephant is like a pillar.
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Blind Man’s Interpretation: Side
The elephant is like a wall.
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Blind Man’s Interpretation: Tail
The elephant is like a rope.
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10
Blind Man’s Interpretation: Tusk
The elephant is like a spear.
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11

As inevitable, beneficial, and something to be accepted and promoted

What is the most common perception of globalization?
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12

As "globaloney," considering it a meaningless or exaggerated concept

What is the opposing view to the common perception of globalization?
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13
Rejectionist Perspective on Globalization
Views globalization as a vague "power word" that lacks analytical value, similar to nationalism and development.
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Through empirical studies or analyze the ideologies that reject it

What are the two ways supporters of globalization can respond to rejectionists?
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Skeptic Perspective on Globalization
Argues that globalization is overstated, as most trade remains national in scope.
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They highlight that power relations linked to international trade can still have significant effects even if trade itself is largely domestic

How do some skeptics acknowledge globalization's effects despite their doubts?
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17

As just one of many similar historical phases

How do modifiers perceive globalization?
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18
They believe globalization is not a unique event but part of a broader historical pattern
Why do modifiers argue that globalization should not be seen as distinctive?
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19

past historical phases

How do pro-globalization scholars respond to the modifiers' perspective?

Pro-globalization scholars argue that today’s globalization is exceptional and more significant than ____.

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20
Pro-globalization supporters emphasize that the uniqueness of contemporary globalization outweighs its similarities with past historical events
What is the key argument of pro-globalization scholars against the modifier perspective?
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21

Economic, political, cultural, and ecological

What are the four main dimensions of globalization?

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22

Economic Globalization

The intensification and expansion of economic ties worldwide, including trade, finance, and multinational corporations.

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Bretton Woods Conference (1944)

Post-World War II meeting that established the IMF, World Bank, and foundations for global trade institutions.

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Neoliberal Capitalism

An economic model favoring privatization, deregulation, and minimal government intervention in markets.

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Neoliberal Capitalism

What economic system is most associated with globalization?

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The internationalization of trade and finance promotes global trade, financial integration, and technology dissemination

Enumeration (3)

How has globalization impacted trade and finance?

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27

Internationalization of Trade and Finance

The process of reducing trade barriers and integrating global financial markets.

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Transnational Corporations

Large companies that control major international investments and economic markets.

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Global North and Global South

Where is the global economy primarily sustained?

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Global South

Composed of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia, including the Middle East.

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Global North

Includes all G8 members and four of the five permanent UN Security Council members.

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Political Globalization

The increasing interconnection of political institutions, policies, and governance beyond national borders.

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Hyperglobalizers' View

Believe globalization is eroding state power and is driven by economic and technological forces.

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Skeptics' View

Argue that globalization is overstated and that nation-states remain central to global politics.

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Nation-State

A self-governing political entity with a shared history, language, and culture.

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It weakens state sovereignty and increases reliance on global institutions

How does political globalization affect nation-states?

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Peace of Westphalia (1648)

A treaty that marked the beginning of modern nation-states by establishing sovereign governance.

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Supraterritorial Institutions

Global governance bodies that impose international standards, reducing national authority.

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Cultural Globalization
The expansion of cultural flows worldwide, including language, music, and media.
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As the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning through language, music, and images

How does Steger describe cultural globalization?
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41
McDonaldization
A concept by George Ritzer describing how fast-food principles influence various sectors of society.
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homogenization (global culture becoming more alike) and heterogenization (emphasizing cultural differences)

What are the key opposing concepts in cultural globalization?
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Pessimistic Hyperglobalizers' View
See cultural globalization as "cultural imperialism," often linked to Americanization.
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Optimistic Hyperglobalizers' View
Accept homogenization but believe it spreads democracy and free markets.
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Glocalization

It describes the adaptation of global products, ideas, or policies to fit local cultures and preferences, ensuring that they resonate with specific regional or cultural contexts while still maintaining their global identity.

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Cultural Hybridization

The blending of local and global cultural elements, resulting in unique hybrid identities.

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A less stable sense of identity arises due to the dominance of transnational media corporations in shaping cultural narratives

How does globalization affect individual identity?

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48

Global media networks influence cultural globalization by shaping global discourse

How do media corporations impact cultural globalization?

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49

Global Media Networks

Controlled by powerful corporations, they shape global discourse and cultural trends.

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50

Individualism, consumerism

What are two key cultural aspects influenced by globalization?

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Individualism

A cultural trait that stresses personal independence, self-reliance, and liberty.

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Consumerism

A cultural tendency driven by globalization that encourages material acquisition and consumption.

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Language Globalization

The shift in language patterns due to globalization, with some languages rising in dominance while others decline.

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number of languages, movement of people, and the role of the internet

What are the key factors influencing language globalization?

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That globalization leads to the extinction of native tongues, while others predict the rise of a "global" language

What are the two opposing views on language and globalization?

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Ecological Globalization

The environmental impact of globalization, including climate change and pollution. This is also the study of how global interactions affect environmental issues.

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Global Environmental Link

The idea that all of humanity is interconnected with the planet’s ecological state.

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biodiversity loss, food shortages, transboundary pollution, and climate change

What are some ecological problems associated with globalization?
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2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
A global summit addressing climate change and environmental policies though progress has been slow.
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That urgent action is needed to combat environmental degradation, warning that fossil fuel dependence could lead to a point of no return

What is Steger’s stance on the environmental crisis linked to globalization?
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61
Ideology
A system of ideas and beliefs that form the foundation of political or economic theory.
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As patterned clusters of normatively imbued ideas that shape representations of power relations
How does Steger define ideologies?
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To legitimize social or political structures by linking human actions to generalized claims

How is ideology used in society?
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Globalism
is an ideology that assigns values to globalization
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Market globalism, justice globalism, and religious (jihadist) globalisms.

Types of Globalism

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Market Globalism
The ideology that globalization promotes neoliberal economic policies and free-market values.
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globalization spreads democracy, benefits everyone, and should be aggressively pursued
What are some key claims of market globalists?
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As the liberalization and integration of markets, guided by Adam Smith’s concept of the "invisible hand"

How does market globalism define globalization?
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Invisible Hand
The belief that market forces naturally balance through liberalization and integration.
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Globalization is seen as inevitable and irreversible, driven by technological progress and economic forces
How do market globalists describe globalization’s nature?
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Robert Hormats
Describes globalization as uncontrolled by any individual, government, or institution.
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Market Globalists
Argue that globalization fosters innovation, skilled labor, and information exchange.
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Spreads wealth and power unequally, concentrating benefits among elites and corporations
What is a major criticism of market globalism?
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Justice Globalism
A vision of globalization based on egalitarian values, global solidarity, and social justice.
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It is rooted in left-wing politics and opposes market globalism by advocating for social equality and fair economic policies
What political ideology does justice globalism align with?
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76

Free-market liberalization leads to greater inequality, global conflicts, and weakened democracy

What are the key criticisms of market globalism by justice globalists?
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By intentional policies that emphasize fairness, ecological sustainability, and participatory democracy

How do justice globalists propose to shape globalization?
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A world based on fairer relationships, social protections, and environmental responsibility

What is the vision of society promoted by justice globalists?
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Transformative change, participatory democracy, equal opportunities, social justice, universal rights, global solidarity, and sustainability.

Seven Key Values of Justice Globalism

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Reform, autonomy, and transformation.

Three Strategies of Justice Globalism

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81

They oppose it as the dominant economic model and advocate for alternative global policies

How do justice globalists view neoliberalism?
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Religious Globalism
An ideology that seeks to create a global religious community with dominance over secular systems.
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83

market, justice, consumerism, secularism

What do religious globalists oppose, and why?

Religious globalists oppose both ___ and ___ globalism, believing religious values are under attack by ___ and ___.

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right-wing politics

How is religious globalism connected to political ideologies?

With _____, which emphasizes hierarchy, tradition, and religious leadership.

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Jihadist Globalism
A radical Islamist ideology that seeks to create a global Islamic community, sometimes through violent means.
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To call for the contemporary age of Jahiliyyah, a return to fundamental Islam, and the formation of a global umma

What are the goals of jihadist globalists?
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87
The 9/11 attacks demonstrated the impact of jihadist globalism, as groups like Al-Qaeda opposed the "Americanization" of the world
How did jihadist globalism influence global events, particularly 9/11?
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Jihadist globalism has been in conflict with Imperial Globalism, which seeks to use U.S. military and economic power to dominate the world
What is the ideological conflict between jihadist globalism and imperial globalism?
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Jihadist globalism aims to weaken the West’s military and economic influence to reestablish the Umma
What is the ultimate goal of jihadist globalism?
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Roland Robertson
This person defined globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole.
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James Mittelman
This person defined globalization as the compression of the time and space aspects of social relations.
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Fredric Jameson
This person defined globalization as an immense enlargement of world communication and the expansion of a world market that makes connections more tangible.
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Tom G. Palmer
This person defined globalization as the reduction or removal of state-imposed restrictions on exchange across borders, leading to a more integrated global trade system.
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David Held
This person defined globalization as a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations, affecting their intensity, extension, and interaction through networks of power.
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Anthony Giddens
This person defined globalization as the intensification of worldwide social relations, where local events are influenced by distant occurrences and vice versa.
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Manfred Steger
This person defined globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and space, transforming nationality into globality.
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Dr. Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan
This person defined globalization as a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities.
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