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That globalization is not new and began with early human migration
That it has expanded to a point of "convergence" rather than being a new phenomenon
As inevitable, beneficial, and something to be accepted and promoted
As "globaloney," considering it a meaningless or exaggerated concept
Through empirical studies or analyze the ideologies that reject it
They highlight that power relations linked to international trade can still have significant effects even if trade itself is largely domestic
As just one of many similar historical phases
past historical phases
How do pro-globalization scholars respond to the modifiers' perspective?
Pro-globalization scholars argue that today’s globalization is exceptional and more significant than ____.
Economic, political, cultural, and ecological
What are the four main dimensions of globalization?
Economic Globalization
The intensification and expansion of economic ties worldwide, including trade, finance, and multinational corporations.
Bretton Woods Conference (1944)
Post-World War II meeting that established the IMF, World Bank, and foundations for global trade institutions.
Neoliberal Capitalism
An economic model favoring privatization, deregulation, and minimal government intervention in markets.
Neoliberal Capitalism
What economic system is most associated with globalization?
The internationalization of trade and finance promotes global trade, financial integration, and technology dissemination
Enumeration (3)
How has globalization impacted trade and finance?
Internationalization of Trade and Finance
The process of reducing trade barriers and integrating global financial markets.
Transnational Corporations
Large companies that control major international investments and economic markets.
Global North and Global South
Where is the global economy primarily sustained?
Global South
Composed of Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia, including the Middle East.
Global North
Includes all G8 members and four of the five permanent UN Security Council members.
Political Globalization
The increasing interconnection of political institutions, policies, and governance beyond national borders.
Hyperglobalizers' View
Believe globalization is eroding state power and is driven by economic and technological forces.
Skeptics' View
Argue that globalization is overstated and that nation-states remain central to global politics.
Nation-State
A self-governing political entity with a shared history, language, and culture.
It weakens state sovereignty and increases reliance on global institutions
How does political globalization affect nation-states?
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
A treaty that marked the beginning of modern nation-states by establishing sovereign governance.
Supraterritorial Institutions
Global governance bodies that impose international standards, reducing national authority.
As the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning through language, music, and images
homogenization (global culture becoming more alike) and heterogenization (emphasizing cultural differences)
Glocalization
It describes the adaptation of global products, ideas, or policies to fit local cultures and preferences, ensuring that they resonate with specific regional or cultural contexts while still maintaining their global identity.
Cultural Hybridization
The blending of local and global cultural elements, resulting in unique hybrid identities.
A less stable sense of identity arises due to the dominance of transnational media corporations in shaping cultural narratives
How does globalization affect individual identity?
Global media networks influence cultural globalization by shaping global discourse
How do media corporations impact cultural globalization?
Global Media Networks
Controlled by powerful corporations, they shape global discourse and cultural trends.
Individualism, consumerism
What are two key cultural aspects influenced by globalization?
Individualism
A cultural trait that stresses personal independence, self-reliance, and liberty.
Consumerism
A cultural tendency driven by globalization that encourages material acquisition and consumption.
Language Globalization
The shift in language patterns due to globalization, with some languages rising in dominance while others decline.
number of languages, movement of people, and the role of the internet
What are the key factors influencing language globalization?
That globalization leads to the extinction of native tongues, while others predict the rise of a "global" language
What are the two opposing views on language and globalization?
The environmental impact of globalization, including climate change and pollution. This is also the study of how global interactions affect environmental issues.
Global Environmental Link
The idea that all of humanity is interconnected with the planet’s ecological state.
biodiversity loss, food shortages, transboundary pollution, and climate change
That urgent action is needed to combat environmental degradation, warning that fossil fuel dependence could lead to a point of no return
To legitimize social or political structures by linking human actions to generalized claims
Market globalism, justice globalism, and religious (jihadist) globalisms.
Types of Globalism
As the liberalization and integration of markets, guided by Adam Smith’s concept of the "invisible hand"
Free-market liberalization leads to greater inequality, global conflicts, and weakened democracy
By intentional policies that emphasize fairness, ecological sustainability, and participatory democracy
A world based on fairer relationships, social protections, and environmental responsibility
Transformative change, participatory democracy, equal opportunities, social justice, universal rights, global solidarity, and sustainability.
Seven Key Values of Justice Globalism
Reform, autonomy, and transformation.
Three Strategies of Justice Globalism
They oppose it as the dominant economic model and advocate for alternative global policies
market, justice, consumerism, secularism
What do religious globalists oppose, and why?
Religious globalists oppose both ___ and ___ globalism, believing religious values are under attack by ___ and ___.
right-wing politics
How is religious globalism connected to political ideologies?
With _____, which emphasizes hierarchy, tradition, and religious leadership.
To call for the contemporary age of Jahiliyyah, a return to fundamental Islam, and the formation of a global umma
Note 
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