the heart and circulatory system

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AP2 lesson 3 and 4

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70 Terms

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pulmonary circulation

the right side of the heart recieves blood from the body to be pumped through the heart to the lungs

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systemic circulation

the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body from the heart is which circulation

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cardiac temponade

a serious condition in which a large amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and puts pressure on the heart

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epicardium

another name for the viseral pericardium

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myocardium

layer that froms the bulk of the heart wall

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reduces friction between the pericardial membranes

the function of the pericardial fluid

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left atrium

blood in the pulmonary veins returns to which heart chamber

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myocardial infarction

the condition in which the coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells

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where does the right atrium receive blood from

the body and the heart

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what vessel exits the left ventricle

aorta

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the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary semilunar valve

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connects the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles

chordae tendineae

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blood in the superior vena cava will enter through which heart chamber

right atrium

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aorta

which blood vessel carries blood from the left ventricle

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from the right ventricle, blood flows directly into

pulmonary trunk

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an incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching which organ

lungs

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cardiac muscle cells

possess special cell to cell contacts called intercalated discs

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gap junctions

action potential pass from one myocardial cell to another through area of low electrical resistance

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SA node

the pacemaker of the heart

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conduction system of the heart

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

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energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from

aerobic respiration in the mitrochondria

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why does the cardiac electrical impulse normally begin spontaneously in the SA node

this area produces action potentials more rapidly than other portion of the conduction system

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how do cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscle cells

action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle

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the conduction system that would produce spontaneous action postentials most frequently if the sa node were not functioning

av node

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the p wave of an ecg indicates

atrial depolarization

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what event occurs during the qrs complex of the ecg

depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria

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tachycardia

the abdormal heart rhythm could be caused by an elevated body temperature, excessive sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions

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the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens

when the left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure

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left ventricle

the chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure

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aortic semilunar valve opens

as soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta

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AV valves close

when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure

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the vibrations that occur when the valves close

the first and second heart sounds

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most ventricular filling occurs before the artia contracts

true

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in the left atrium

an incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into which heart chamber?

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stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle

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cardiac output

the product of the stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate

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increased vagal stimulation would cause

the heart rate to decrease

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what factor would cause an increase in heart rate

increased epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla

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the baroreceptor reflex would cause increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

if the reflex was caused by an increase in blood pressure

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medulla oblengata

the cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in

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systemic blood vessels transport blood

from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium

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left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta

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capillaries primary function

the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells

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afterload

the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood

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arise from the base of the aorta and provide arterial supply to the myocardium

the medulla oblengata

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intrinsic regulation of the heart

if cardiac muscle fibers are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force

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within normal limits, an increase in preload leads to

an increase in cardiac output and force of left ventricular contraction

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starling law of the heart

the relationship between preload and stroke volume

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blood is moved through the vascular system by

pressure gradients created by the heart

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the thinness of the capillary wall

enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces

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organ that contains fenestrated capillaries

kidney

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sinusodial capilaries

have large fenestrae and are found in endocrine glands, in bone marrow, and the liver

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in a capillary bed, relaxation of the precapillary sphincter

occurs when the tissue in the area needs more oxygen

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artereis can constrict or dialte as needed becuase of the smooth muscle found in

tunica media

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when constricting arteries and veins

arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins

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a decrease in the radius of the vessel

increases resistance to blood flow

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what tends to increase if blood viscosity increases

resistance in the cardiovascular system

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the greater the compliance

the more easily the vessel wall stretches

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which type of vessel has the greatest compliance

veins

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which of the following acts as a storage area for blood

the veins

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when blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is

a net movement of fluid out of the capillary

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a force that cause the movement of fluid out of the capulilary is

blood pressure

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a force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces

blood colloid osmotic pressure

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increased venous tone

helps return blood to the heart

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regulation of local blood flow

increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue

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which hormone does not infuelnce blood pressure

growth hormone

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angiotensin II

causes vasocontriction

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what would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys

an increase in blood volume

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when released into the blood, what chemical substance would cause blood pressure to decrease

atrial natriuretic hormone

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the renin-angiotensin mechanism is actived

in response to circulatory shock