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Castrated bovine
Steer
Intact male bovine
Bull
Female bovine that has not calved
Heifer
Female bovine that has calved
Cow
Castrated sheep
Wether
Intact male sheep
Ram
Female sheep that has not lambed
Theave or Ewe Lamb
Female sheep that has lambed
Ewe
Castrated goat
Wether
Intact male goat
Buck or Billy
Female goat that has not kidded
Doeling
Female goat that has kidded
Doe
Castrated pig
Barrow
Intact male pig
Boar
Female pig that has not farrowed
Gilt
Female pig that has farrowed
Sow
List five careers that are in the Animal Science field
Feedlot Manager, Animal Nutritionist, Animal Behaviorist, Breeding Farm Manager, Livestock Manager.
List five fields of study within Animal Science
Nutrition
Physiology
Behavior
Genetics and breeding
Education
What are the main goals of applied animal science? Illustrate three examples of how the practice of animal science can attain those goals
Goals:
Improve animal health and welfare.
Increase productivity and efficiency.
Enhance sustainability.
Examples:
Selective breeding for better traits.
Optimizing animal nutrition.
Disease prevention through vaccines.
Provide the binomial nomenclature for a swine animal and a bovine animal.
Swine - Sus scrofa domesticus
Bovine - Bos taurus
List, in order from most broad to most specific, the eight levels of biological taxonomic classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Why is it useful to further categorize specific species into multiple breeds?
Breed classification allows for better management, conservation, and utilization of livestock species based on human needs and environmental conditions.
What are three classifications of livestock according to use?
Dairy Animals
Meat Animals
Work / Load Animals
What is the gestation length for cattle?
Approximately 283 days
At approximately what age does a female bovine reach sexual maturity?
Around 8 to 12 months
Provide two reasons to castrate male calves
To prevent unwanted breeding and reduce aggressive behavior.
At what age are commercial cattle typically slaughtered?
Usually between 12 to 24 months.
How long after calving can a cow be rebred?
Typically 45–90 days after calving.
What has been the trend of number of farms and size of farms in the US over the last 100 years?
The number of farms has decreased, while the average farm size has increased due to industrialization, mechanization, and consolidation in agriculture.
How has the US beef cattle population changed over the last fifty years? How has US beef production changed in the last fifty years?
Over the last 50 years, the US beef cattle population has generally declined due to increased efficiency in production.
Beef production, however, has increased due to improvements in breeding, feed efficiency, and technology, leading to higher yields per animal.
Explain the expansion and contraction phenomena associated with US beef cow inventory over time.
Herds expand with high prices and demand, contract with high costs or low demand.
In what areas are the US beef cow population concentrated? Explain two reasons why these areas have high beef cow populations
The US beef cow population is concentrated in the Midwest, Southern Plains, and Western US (particularly Texas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and Kansas).
Reasons:
Climate and Grazing Land – These regions offer vast open lands and suitable climates for raising cattle, with ample grazing pastures.
Historical Development – Many of these areas have a long history of cattle ranching, with established infrastructure and experience in beef production.
Which countries are the top three beef producers in the world?
The top three beef producers are the United States, Brazil, and China.
Which countries are the top three beef exporters in the world?
The top three beef exporters are Brazil, Australia, and the United States.
List and explain the three major beef production systems
Cow-Calf: Breeding cows raise calves until weaned.
Stocker: Weaned calves are grown on pasture before feedlots.
Feedlot: Cattle are fed high-energy diets to gain weight quickly before slaughter.
Which type of beef production system is most prevalent in Hawaii? Why is this?
The cow-calf system is most prevalent in Hawaii due to its abundant grazing land and the historical development of ranching on the islands.
What are the 5 largest milk-producing states in the US?
The five largest milk-producing states in the US are California, Wisconsin, Idaho, New York, and Texas.
List three environmental concerns associated with beef production systems.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions – Beef production contributes to methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas.
Land Degradation – Overgrazing can lead to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity.
Water Usage – Beef production requires significant water for cattle and feed crops.
List three environmental benefits associated with livestock beef production systems.
Grassland Preservation – Proper grazing can maintain healthy grasslands and prevent overgrowth of shrubs or invasive plants.
Carbon Sequestration – Well-managed pastures can capture and store carbon in soil.
Waste Utilization – Manure can be used as natural fertilizer, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
Describe three ways in which goats and sheep are similar and dissimilar.
Similarities:
Both are ruminants.
Raised for meat, milk, and fiber.
Herd animals.
Dissimilarities:
Goats are more independent; sheep follow the flock.
Goats browse; sheep graze.
Sheep have curled horns; goats have straight/backward-curving horns.
What is the gestation length for swine?
The gestation length for swine is about 114 days
What is a typical range for number of piglets in a litter?
A typical range is 6–12 piglets per litter.
At what age are piglets typically weaned?
Piglets are typically weaned at 3–4 weeks of age.
At what age are swine typically slaughtered?
Swine are typically slaughtered at 6–7 months of age.
At what weight are commercial swine typically slaughtered?
Commercial swine are typically slaughtered at 250–280 pounds.
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