Studied by 14 peopleHard palate
bone plate covered by moist tissue
helps grip food during chewing
separates the nasal and mouth cavities
helps with vocalization (tongue pressure on palate)
Soft palate
muscle and connective tissue
seals nasal cavity during sucking and swallowing by elevating to block nasal portion of the pharynx from the mouth and oral port of the pharynx
while elevated, it creates a vacuum in the oral cavity which keeps food out of the respiratory tract
Epiglottis
flap of tissue at the back of the mouth before esophagus
protects glottis (entrance to trachea) and trachea itself from food and liquid during swallowing
made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane
Pharynx
muscular walls help in the process of swallowing
passageway for food or air travelling to either the trachea or esophagus
connects the nasal and oral cavities from behind
also made of epithelium
Esophagus
muscular (skeletal and smooth) tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach
upper esophageal sphincter is close other than swallowing
moves things through itself using peristalsis
can also be used during vomiting
Larynx
voice box located at the top of the trachea where the pharynx splits into the esophagus and trachea
helps protect the trachea against food aspiration
contains vocal folds which allow manipulation of pitch and volume
created pressure differences, expands and contracts, and controls tightness of vocal folds
a cartilaginous skeleton with ligaments, muscles, and mucous membrane
Trachea
passageway for air to travel from nasal or oral cavities to the bronchi of the lungs
rings reinforcing cartilage (a type of connective tissue) that help it from damage and collapsing due to change in pressure
widens and lengthens slightly with inhalation
lower pressure during inhalation
Inferior vena cava
extends from lower body to right atrium
carries mixed blood from the body which has CO2 rich blood and from the umbilical vein which has O2 rich blood
made of elastic connective tissues and endothelium
Coronary arteries and veins
blood vessels that provide circulation to the heart
made of elastic connective tissues and endothelium
Heart chambers and vessels
The right side of the heart has very high pressure because it usually pumps CO2 rich blood to the lungs for diffusion, but in fetuses, there is fluid in the lungs so there is high resistance causing high pressure. Some blood from the right atrium will go through the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs, back into the left atrium, and continue the regular cycle (only a small amount). Other blood can actually cross between the right and left atrium over the Foramen Ovale, and then to the left ventricle and aorta. For the mixed blood pumped to the lungs from the right ventricle, not as much as necessary for the lungs since they are filled with fluid dand have high resistance, so the ductus arteriosus is a passage that allows blood to skip a step and go straight from the pulmonary artery, to the aorta. Blood ends up in the umbilical artery.
Pericardium
the membrane enclosing the heart
protects it from infections
lubricates the heart
limits heart’s motion
prevents excessive dilation of the heart
made of connective, elastic tissue
Aorta
located on the mid-right side of the pig when looking at it
largest artery in the body
transports mixed blood to the body where the capillaries will take O2 to the cells
smooth, elastic muscle
Diaphragm
contracts and expands to create a vacuum inside the chest cavity that creates pressure changes allowing inhalation and exhalation (relaxed during exhalation- goes up to draw more air in)
made of skeletal muscle
Lungs
place air into alveoli air sacs near capillary beds, blood picks up O2 and diffuses CO2
Ductus arteriosus
in fetus this directs blood from the pulmonary artery into the aorta, bypassing the lungs
carries blood away from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body
once born it seals and acts as a heart ligament (flexible, connective tissue)
Carotid artery
artery located on each side of the neck
brings O2 rich blood to the upper body to crucial structures like the brain and eyes
made of smooth muscle tissue (endothelium)
Jugular vein
vein located on each side of the neck and carries CO2 rich blood from head back to the heart via the superior vena cava
made of smooth muscle tissue (endothelium)
Right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right ventricle
thin walled to receive blood from veins
lower pressure than ventricles
the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium
Right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
thick walled because it has to forcefully pump blood out of the heart
higher pressure than atria
endothelium and myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
thin walled to receive blood from veins
lower pressure than ventricles
the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner endocardium
Left ventricle
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the rest of the body
strongest chamber
higher pressure than atria
endothelium and myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Pulmonary trunk
transports deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
known as the main pulmonary artery
made of smooth muscle tissue (endothelium)
Note
Flashcard