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10 Terms

1
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Where did the Black Death originate and how did it spread across Afro-Eurasia?

It began in Asia and spread along trade routes and with Mongol armies into Afro-Eurasia, reaching major cities and ports through overland and maritime trade.

2
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What factors contributed to the rapid spread of the Black Death?

Climate change (the Little Ice Age), widespread warfare, and the disruption of trade routes all made populations weaker and more exposed to infection.

3
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How did the Mongols influence the spread of the plague?

Their siege of Genoese trading posts in the Crimea helped transmit the plague westward; infected rats and fleas traveled on ships and caravans throughout the trade network.

4
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What animals played a major role in transmitting the Black Death?

Fleas and rats carried the plague bacterium, which was transmitted to humans through bites.

5
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How did climate change make the population more vulnerable to the plague?

The Little Ice Age brought colder temperatures, poor harvests, and famines that weakened immune systems, making people more susceptible to disease.

6
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What was the estimated global population before and after the Black Death?

Before: about 442 million; Aftermath: around 350 million — a loss of roughly 90 million people.

7
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How severely did Europe suffer compared to other regions?

Europe was hit hardest, losing around 50% of its population in some areas.

8
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What were some local and trans-regional effects of the Black Death?

Massive population loss, labor shortages, economic decline, weakened states, and long-term social and cultural change across Afro-Eurasia.

9
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Why did recovery from the Black Death take so long?

The sheer death toll, loss of labor, and social instability meant rebuilding took generations despite strong empires’ eventual recovery.

10
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What does the spread of the Black Death reveal about fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia?

It shows how interconnected the world had become — trade and mobility spread not only goods but also disease across continents.