APES "Food" Review; Miller 7920

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37 Terms

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animal manure
Dung and urine of animals used as a form of organic fertilizer.
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aquaculture
Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages
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aquaponics
The combination of fish farming and growing plants without soil.
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desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
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green revolution 2
Focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOS) to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops
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clear cutting
The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once
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commercial inorganic fertilizer
mixture of inorganic plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates applied to soil
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compost
a composition of largely decaying matter used as fertilizer
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fisheries
Concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water.
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GMO's
Organisms created by combining natural or synthetic genes using the techniques of molecular biology.
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green manure
Freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.
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green revolution 1
Agricultural "revolution" that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
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hydroponics
Form of agriculture in which farmers grow plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil.
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industrialized agriculture
Using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale.
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integrated pest management (IPM)
-manages pest damage by most economic means and least hazardous, helps protect crop yields, allows production rates to increase. to suppress pests: Biocontrol, Chemicals, when necessary, Population monitoring, Habitat alteration, Crop rotation and transgenic crops, Alternative tillage methods, Mechanical pest removal
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intercropping
Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped.
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monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
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organic fertilizer
organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients
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organic agriculture
The use of crop rotation, natural fertilizers such as manure, and biological pest control, as opposed to artificial fertilizers,pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, additives, and genetically modified organisms, to promote healthy vigorous crops.
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pest
insects, rodents, etc. that cause damage to crops
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pesticides
Any one of various substances used to kill harmful insects (insecticide), fungi (fungicide), vermin, or other living organisms that destroy or inhibit plant growth, carry disease, or are otherwise harmful.
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plantation agriculture
Production system based on a large estate organized to produce a cash crop; often trees. Many plantations were established within the tropics.
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polyculture
Complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together.
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salinization
Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile.
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selective cutting
cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind
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slash-and-burn agriculture
System of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground and then ignited. The fire introduces nutrients into the soil, thereby making it productive for a relatively short period of time.
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soil
A mixture of mineral particles and organic material that covers the land, and in which terrestrial plants grow.
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soil conservation
a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss
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soil erosion
the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice
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strip cropping
alternating crops in strips, helps anchor soil
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terracing
creating flat platforms in the hillside that provide a level planting surface, which reduces soil runoff from the slope.
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traditional intensive agriculture
farmers increase their inputs of human and draft-animal labor, fertilizer, and water to obtain higher crop yields
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traditional subsistence agriculture
when each family in a community grows crops for themselves and rely on animal and human labor to plant and harvest crops.
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waterlogging
saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface
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windbreaks
Belts of trees along field edges to reduce wind erosion
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perennial
food crop that lasts from year to year
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Aquifer
a body of permeable rock that can contain or transmit groundwater.