AP Lang test- MODs and Classical Arguments

description (desc)

language that appeals to the senses

narration (nar)

anecdotes
> look for plot elements (characters, conflicts, resolutions)

exemplification (ex)

evidence (explicit or implicit)- examples, facts/figures, etc;

cause and effect (c/e)/problem and solution (p/s)

*self-explanatory

compare and contrast (comp/con)

similarities and/or differences; us vs. them

classification and division (class/div)

making categories and splitting a whole into parts

process analysis (PA)

explaining how something is done

definition (def)

establishes common meaning for central words/ideas, or principles of discussion, or criteria (ie. what it means to be successful) used

The WEB

the way the author/speaker pulls the reader in -- actively engages the reader with the content
> establishes credibility (ethos)
>> ie. describe a common experience, narrate an anecdote, expose a startling statistic/fact, develop an extended metaphor or analogy, make a broad/universal statement, reference a common historical event, define an important ither/term (no using webster)

Background

gives people: historical context, exigence
maybe: multiple perspectives others hold about the topic
> ie. the what and the why

The Partition

writer moves from background information to discussing
what they want to gut across or argue
narrows the focus of the audience from the broader issue in the speaker's view
> often contains the thesis (not always a sentence)

Confirmation

the bulk of the essay; usually found in body paragraphs
supports (confirms) the major claim of the argument
> direct evidence proving major claim (thesis)

Refutation

adresses an anticipated disagreement (highlights YOUR weaknesses- ethos)
> concedes: admits that the opposing side is correct about something
> rebuts: offers a different perspective toward the other sides' evidence/position
> refutes: destroys the points of the other side (this is 'the knock out')

The "So What"

Usually part of the conclusion (pathos)
Connects the whole argument to a greater point
Shows how the argument applies to the audience
Calls the listeners to do something (call to action)