Chemistry Exam I

Diffusion

The process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion

Graham's law of diffusion

the principle that the diffusion rate of any gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas’s molar mass

Partial pressure

the pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own.

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

The pressure in a container filled with a mix­ture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in the container

Boyle’s law

states that a gas’s pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Robert Boyle

Who was the 1st to do careful research about the relationship between volume and pressure

Absolute Scale

When working with relationships between temperature and volume, you must convert celsius temperatures to ______________

Charles Law

An experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated

Gases

What does Charles Law only apply to?

Standard Temperature and Pressure

0 C(273.15K)

Kinetic theory of matter

States that all molecules of matter are in constant motion

Variables

A letter used in an equation to represent something else

V

Volume

T

Temperature

P

Pressure

Direct Proportion

The relations between quantities whose ratios are constant

Indirect Proportion

a relation between two quantities such that one increases in proportion as the other decreases.

Aneroid

without liquid

Pressure

force (a "push) per unit area

Mercury Barometer

Measures the pressure exerted by the collisions of gas molecules in our atmosphere with the earth

Evangelista Torricelli

Who invented the Mercury Barometer?

Aneroid Barometer

Measures Atmospheric pressure

Millimeter of Mercury

manometric unit of pressure

International Standard Atmosphere

The average air pressure at sea level

Manometer

A common laboratory device used to measure the pressure of gas samples

.0821 L* atm/k*mol

R

PV

nRT

22.4C

How much of C of gas at STP is one mole of that gas?

Ideal Gas

A gas that exactly obeys the assumptions of the kinetic theory is a _______

Physical Chemistry

The study of reactions of properties and matters

Organ Chemsitry

Study substances that are compounds of carbon

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical combinations of elements

Biochemistry

The chemistry of living things

Analytical chemistry

identifies substances that are present in materials

Clinical chemistry

involves primary biochemistry and analytical chemistry

Science

The systematic study of God’s universe and how it works

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon

Observing

Gathering date by looking closely at nature

Hypothesizing

speculating about nature and forming general principles to explain it

Experimenting

testing hypotheses in a systematic way to determine if they are valid or invalid

Theory

A set of conclusions supported by scientific hypotheses and related experimentation that describes why a law works.

Scientific Law

A statement, grounded in a theory, of what should naturally occur under a given set of conditions

Mathematics

the language of science

Precision

Repeatability

Accuracy

Correctness

Exact Numbers

Obtained by counting

System of measurement

A collection of compatible, related units that can be used to measure various quantities

Metric System

Based on powers of 10

Nano

one billionth to 10-9

Micro

one millionth to 10-6

Milli

one thousandth to 10-3

Centi

One hundredth to 10-2

Kilo

one thousandth to 10 3

Mega

one millionth to 10 6

Prefixes

Attached to tube base unit to change its value

Length

Meter

Volume

Liter

Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Weight

The force of gravity of an object

N

What is the symbol for nano

μ

What is the symbol for micro

M

What is the symbol for milli

C

What is the symbol for centi

K

What is the symbol for kilo

m

What is the symbol for mega

Coldest Possible Temperature

Absolute Zero

Kelvin

Same size degrees as celsius

Absolute scale

no negative values

Time

Second

Dimensional Analysis

A technique for converting units using a conversion factor

Scientific Notation

A way to write large numbers in a short format

Meter

What is the name for length

m

What is the symbol for length

Kilogram

What is the name for mass

kg

What is the symbol for mass

Liter

What is the name for volume

L

What is the symbol for volume

Second

What is the name for time

s

What is the symbol for time

Degree celsius

What is the name for temperature

C

What is the symbol for temperature

Kelvin

What is the name for absolute temperature

K

What is the symbol for absolute temperature

Pascal

What is the name for pressure

Pa

What is the symbol for pressure

Mole

What is the name for amount of substances

Mol

What is the symbol for the amount of substances

Joule

What is the name for energy

J

What is the symbol for energy

Significant digit

any of the digits in a measured value that represent the uncertainty of the measurement

Ex Nihilo

Latin Phrase meaning “Out of Nothing”

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Solid, Liquid, Gas

3 Ordinary States

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Solid

Definite shape and volume

Liquid

Definite volume but no definite shape

Gas

No Definite volume or shape

Melting Point

Particles of a solid gain enough energy to break loose of their rigid positions

Boiling Point

Particles of a liquid gain enough energy to break fully away from each other

Plasma

Most common state of matter in the universe