Chp 13 The Body: Biological Perspectives on Health and Illness

Paul Farmer

Anthropologist and physician ________ (1992) and Jim Yong Kim founded Partners in Health to holistically address social, economic, political, and health problems in Cange, Haiti.

Biocultural

________ is the complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes- this allows anthropologists to think of human health as both biological and cultural.

Disease

________- the purely physiological condition of being sick, usually determined by a physician.

Anthropologists

________ have always sought to understand cultural approaches to illness and healthcare systems.

Medical anthropologists

________ recognize four distinct therapeutic processes: clinical processes, symbolic processes, social processes, and persuasion.

cultural context

How illness is defined depends on individual, ________, and time.

Social expectations

________ related to illness vary with class, gender, age, employment, and lifestyle.

Placebo

________ effect- a healing process that works on persuading a patient that he or she has been given a powerful medicine, even though the "medicine "has no active medicinal ingredient.

1920s

Since the ________, anthropologists have explored the relationship between biology and culture.

biology

The human mind is one place to mend the divide between ________ and culture.

emergent qualities of consciousness

Mind- ________ and intellect that manifest themselves through thought, emotion, perception, will, and imagination.

Paul Starr

According to ________ (1982), twentieth- century physicians in the United States used their status as professionals to increase their incomes, respect, and the exclusive right to determine medical treatments.

Anthropologist Robert Welsch

________ contracted malaria while conducting fieldwork among the Ningerum people of Papua New Guinea.

External factors

________ affecting health include social context and culture, with which the nervous system interacts through individual cognition.

Illness

________: the psychological and social experimence the patient has of a disease.

Tylor

________ and Lewis Henry Morgan thought that biology could justify their views on non- Western people as "primitive ..

Symbolic

________ therapeutic process- a healing process that restructures the meanings of the ________ surrounding the illness, particularly during a ritual.

Europe

For example, condom use has been relatively effective at preventing the spread of HIV in the United States and ________ but less so in sub- Saharan Africa, Haiti, and Southeast Asia.

Medical

________: Medicalization increases the social standing and authority of doctors.

complex intersections

Biocultural- the ________ of biological, psychological, and cultural processes.

Medical anthropology

________ is the subfield of anthropology that tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings.

Clinical therapeutic process

________- a healing process that involves the use of medicines that have some active ingredient that is assumed to address either the cause or the symptom of a disorder.

biocultural approach

The ________ allows anthropologists an understanding of the interplay of biology and culture.

Social support

________ therapeutic process: a healing process that involves a patients social networks, especially close family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness.

Culture bond syndrome

________- a mental illness unique to a culture.

social problems

Scientific: Given the unparalleled success of the scientific method, Americans are more comfortable seeking scientific solutions to ________.

Sick role

________- the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that a patient is legitimately sick, which involves certain responsibilities and behaviors that caregivers expect of the sick.

Placebo

________ effect: a healing process that works on persuading a patient that he or she has been given a powerful medicine, even though the "medicine "has no active chemical ingredient.

Medical anthropologists

________ play a role in understanding and preventing the spread of disease, including viral epidemics like HIV and Ebola.

Illness

________ is the presence of sickness or disease.

Symbolic

________ therapeutic process: a healing process that restructures the meanings of the ________ surrounding the illness, particularly during a ritual.

Disease

________: the purely physiological condition of being sick, usually determined by a physician.

Social support

________ therapeutic process- a healing process that involves a patients social networks, especially family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness.

Illness

________- the psychological and social experience a patient has of a disease.

5

31 PM EST

It helps to employ the relativistic concept of sick role

the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that the patient is legitimately sick

Disease

the purely physiological condition of being sick, usually determined by a physician

Illness

the psychological and social experimence the patient has of a disease

Medical anthropologist Arthur Kleinman explained that healers and patients often have different explanatory models of illness

explanations of what is happening to the patients body by the patient, by the patients family, or by a healthcare practitioner, each of whom may have a different model of what is happening

Conditions that arent recognized as illness can become so through medicalization

the process of viewing or treating as a medical concern conditions that were not previously understood as medical problems

Financial

Everyone, from pharmaceutical companies to health insurers, is better situated to profit from treating disease than from treating "moral failings."

Medical

Medicalization increases the social standing and authority of doctors

Scientific

Given the unparalleled success of the scientific method, Americans are more comfortable seeking scientific solutions to social problems

Medical anthropologists recognize four distinct therapeutic processes

clinical processes, symbolic processes, social processes, and persuasion

Clinical therapeutic process

the healing process in which medicines have some active ingredient that is assumed to address either the cause or the symptom of a disorder

Symbolic therapeutic process

a healing process that restructures the meanings of the symbols surrounding the illness, particularly during a ritual

Social support therapeutic process

a healing process that involves a patients social networks, especially close family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness

Placebo effect

a healing process that works on persuading a patient that he or she has been given a powerful medicine, even though the "medicine" has no active chemical ingredient

Most societies draw on multiple medical traditions simultaneously, a concept called pluralism

the co-existence and interpenetration of distinct medical traditions with different cultural roots in the same cultural community

See "Anthropologist as Problem-Solver

Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health"

Biocultural

the complex intersections of biological, psychological, and cultural processes

Clinical therapeutic process 

a healing process that involves the use of medicines that have some active ingredient that is assumed to address either the cause or the symptom of a disorder

Culture-bond syndrome 

a mental illness unique to a culture

Disease

the purely physiological condition of being sick, usually determined by a physician

Explanatory model of illness 

an explanation of what is happening to a patients body, by the patient, by the patients family, or by a healthcare practitioner, each of whom any have a different model of what is happening

Illness

the psychological and social experience a patient has of a disease

Medical pluralism 

the coexistence and interpenetration of distinct medical traditions with different cultural roots in the same cultural community

Medicalization

the process of viewing or treating as a medical concern conditions that were not previously understood as medical problems

Mind

emergent qualities of consciousness and intellect that manifest themselves through thought, emotion, perception, will, and imagination

Placebo effect 

a healing process that works on persuading a patient that he or she has been given a powerful medicine, even though the "medicine" has no active medicinal ingredient

Sick role 

the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that a patient is legitimately sick, which involves certain responsibilities and behaviors that caregivers expect of the sick

Social support therapeutic process 

a healing process that involves a patients social networks, especially family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness

Symbolic therapeutic process 

a healing process that restructures the meanings of the symbols surrounding the illness, particularly during a ritual