Maternal Effect Gene, Cancer

The ____ ____ ___ a gene that, when mutant in the
mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring,
regardless of the offspring's own genotype

Maternal Effect Gene

A ____ is located in the extreme anterior region of the mature egg. Bicoid sets up the anterior-posterior axis.
___ bicoid mRNA is deposited in the mature egg and
is only translated into protein once fertilization occurs.

The protein product is a ____ factor that activates
genes required for anterior development.

bicoid, maternal, transcription

Cancer is not a single disease; it involves many ___ that disrupt cell-cycle control.

mutations

Mutations can:
• ____ cells from stopping growth
• Alter ____ or progression through the cell cycle

inhibit, growth rate

Two classes of cancer-causing genes

Oncogenes and Tumor-supressor genes

___-oncogenes are the normal versions of oncogenes that promote
normal cell growth and division.

A proto-oncogene may become an oncogene
through mechanisms that ____ expression, including epigenetic changes,
translocations, gene amplification, and point mutations. These changes result in
abnormal stimulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation

___ gene, when activated, stimulates the cell cycle. Certain mutations
lead to ______, resulting in excessive cell division

proto, promote, ras, hyperactivity

Tumor-suppressor genes normally ____ cell division. Any mutation
that decreases the activity of tumor-suppressor genes may contribute to the
onset of cancer by stimulating growth in the absence of their inhibitory effects

___ gene, known as “_____,” encodes a
transcription factor that ___ the transcription of cell cycle–inhibiting
proteins. The signal for the p53 gene to inhibit the cell cycle is DNA damage

inhibit, p53, guardian of the genome, promotes