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Please note that all terms DO NOT have hyphens (-) in the name. Terms are repeated with different definitions/examples.
Snowball Sampling
A non-probability sampling technique where the initial study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances, creating a "snowball" effect.
Quota Sampling
A non-probability sampling method where researchers ensure equal representation of various subgroups by setting quotas (a certain number/percentage of participants) for each group.
Purposive Sampling
Also known as judgmental sampling.
A non-probability sampling technique where researchers select participants based on specific characteristics or criteria relevant to the study.
Convenience Sampling
A non-probability sampling method where participants are selected based on their availability and proximity to the researcher.
There should NOT be additional criteria within your population.
Cluster Sampling
Also called multi-stage sampling
A probability sampling method where the population is divided into naturally occurring, diverse clusters, entire clusters are randomly selected for inclusion, and if desired, subsequent sampling can occur within those clusters.
Stratified Random Sampling
A probability sampling method that involves dividing the population into distinct subgroups or strata (where participants are as similar as possible within these subgroups), then randomly selecting samples from each stratum to ensure representation.
Systematic Sampling
A probability sampling method where participants are selected at regular intervals (ex: every 2nd person) from a randomly ordered list of the population.
Random Sampling
A probability sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring that the sample is representative of the entire population.
Random Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You place names for potential participants in a hat and draw names to see who is included in the study.
Systematic Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You obtain a list of all possible participants in random order and choose every 5th person to be included in the study.
Stratified Random Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You divide the student population at a University by year of study then randomly select 50 participants from each group.
Cluster Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
Of 25 schools in the district, you randomly choose 15 to be included in your study and then randomly choose 30 students from each school to take part in your study.
Convenience Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You sit outside the grocery store and ask shoppers leaving to share how they feel about the increased cost of living.
Purposive Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You want to know about the effectiveness of the writing center. You seek students at a university who have visited the writing center at least three times and have completed at least one full academic year to speak on their experience.
Quota Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You want to know more about the impacts income has on mental health. You divide the population by tax brackets then hand pick 10 people from each group to take part in your study.
Snowball Sampling
What type of sampling is most prominent in the following scenario?
You begin your research by talking with one participant who is able to provide contact information for two other people facing similar challenges to those you discussed.
Internal Validity
If your research has _____, you can be confident that the independent variable (the intervention) causes a change in the dependent variable (the outcome).
External Validity
If your research has _____, you can be confident that the findings of your study can be replicated and generalizable to the population (outside your research).
Extraneous Variables
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You are researching the effectiveness of a lecture-based program on learning self-care tools. A small group of participants watch a new viral TED Talk after one of your informational lectures. They’ve learned more about self-care, but it wasn’t from your lecture.
Time
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You are researching aggression levels in a longitudinal study with adults. It has been 10 years, and several participants disclosed a decrease in energy levels and mobility, effectively lowering aggression scores.
Testing Effect
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You give the same test to participants once a month to see if their knowledge of addictions has increased over time. Many of the participants scored much higher on the third and fourth times and discussed feeling familiar with the questions.
Instrumental Problems
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
While reading through the results of your study, you realize that you used some misleading questions in your survey.
Selection Bias
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You want to study the effects of general mental health outcomes for all University students. To pick participants, you ask the counselling center to speak with an Anxiety support group.
Mortality of Sample
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You are handing out surveys at the end of every week to a support group. You notice that some people who took the surveys at the beginning are no longer attending the meetings and cannot take the last few surveys.
Lack of Casual Direction
Which threat to internal validity is described below?
You are conducting a point-in-time survey to see if cannabis use impacts alcohol intake, but you have no way of knowing if alcohol intake leads to cannabis use or if cannabis use leads to alcohol intake.
Sampling
You want to conduct research on the mental health of seniors in St. John’s, but your organization hasn’t given you a lot of funding, and you only have a month to complete the interviews.
What technique can allow you to interview only a small portion of the population as opposed to every senior in St. John’s?
Representativeness
How similar your sampling unit (the group of people participating in your study) is to the entire population being studied.
Random Selection
Through this process, there is an equal chance that any person is selected to participate in the study.
Random Assignment
Through this process, every participant in your study has the same chance of being in a group (such as the control group).
Sampling Unit
The group of participants that have been chosen to take part in your research.
Sampling Frame
A list of participants that fit the criteria for your study. You might choose your sampling unit from this.
Sample
The group of participants that you choose to take part in your study. This should be representative of the population.
Element
Also known as a participant or respondent.
One person in your sample.
Population
A general, more broad term to describe the group of people you want to study.
Sampling Unit
You want to conduct research on attention in the classroom and hope to interview several classes as a group to obtain the related information. There are about 30 classes ongoing during the school day at your local high school, and you have decided to interview just 5 classes.
What element of sampling would one classroom be?
Sampling Frame
You want to conduct research on attention in the classroom and hope to interview several classes as a group to obtain the related information. There are about 30 classes ongoing during the school day at your local high school, and you have decided to interview just 5 classes.
What element of sampling would the list of potential classes at the high school be?
Sample
You want to conduct research on attention in the classroom and hope to interview several classes as a group to obtain the related information. There are about 30 classes ongoing during the school day at your local high school, and you have decided to interview just 5 classes.
What element of sampling would all 5 classes be?
Element
You want to conduct research on attention in the classroom and hope to interview several classes as a group to obtain the related information. There are about 30 classes ongoing during the school day at your local high school, and you have decided to interview just 5 classes.
What element of sampling would one student be?
Population
You want to conduct research on attention in the classroom and hope to interview several classes as a group to obtain the related information. There are about 30 classes ongoing during the school day at your local high school, and you have decided to interview just 5 classes.
What element of sampling would “students” be?
Solomon’s Four-Group Design
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
Experimental Design
A research study follows the following design:
Which research TYPE does this represent?
Quasi-Experimental Design
A research study follows the following design:
Which research TYPE does this represent?
Pre-Experimental Design
A research study follows the following design:
Which research TYPE does this represent?
One Group Post-Test Only Design
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
One Group Pre-Test Post-Test Design
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
One Group Time Series Design
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
Pre-Test Design with a Non-Equivalent Comparison Group
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
Pre-Test Post-Test Design with a Non-Equivalent Comparison Group
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
Time Series Design with a Non-Equivalent Comparison Group
A research study follows the following format:
Which group research DESIGN does this represent?
Pre-Experimental
This research TYPE is suitable for simple research and does not have a comparison or a control group.
Quasi-Experimental
This research TYPE has a comparison group and can help prove your intervention is the reason for the observed change.
Experimental Design
This research TYPE has a control group but can be unethical if services are being withheld to create the control.
Longitudinal
This type of survey research design involves collecting information from one population or one group multiple times to track progress.
Cross-Sectional
This type of survey research design involves collecting information from one population or one group just one time. The researcher does not have intentions to follow-up with participants.
Archival
This type of data collection involves looking back on data that already exists.
Also called Retrospective.
Archival
You are trying to determine the effectiveness of a program at your organization, and your supervisor suggests you look through old case files. What type of data collection would this be?
Surveys
This type of data collection involves handing out a questionnaire that can be filled out independently or asked verbally in an interview.
The drawback to this type of research is that you can’t ask any follow-up questions.
Quantitative
You are completing an interview that is very structured for your research. Everything you ask has been pre-planned and you do not ask follow-up questions.
A structured interview such as this is used in what broad type of research?
Qualitative
You are completing an interview that is very open-ended for your research. You have a few guiding questions to get the conversation going, and you ask follow-up questions along the way.
An unstructured interview such as this is used in what broad type of research?
Qualitative
In this broad type of research, you do not manipulate any variables.
Qualitative
In this broad type of research, individual meaning is made by participants, so it cannot be easily generalized.
Qualitative
Social workers are leaning more toward this broad type of research because it allows more detailed insight into individual experiences.
Causation
You are creating an educational pamphlet on the risk of getting an STD during unprotected intercourse.
These variables are directly linked and can be described as a _____
Correlation
You notice that a large portion of the un-housed population in your community is also at a higher risk of heart disease. You think this might be related to financial strain and access to adequate healthcare.
Since homelessness and heart disease are associated, this relationship can be describes as a _____
Quantitative
This broad type of research has a hypothesis.
Quantitative
This broad type of research connects two or more variables or explains relationships.
Quantitative
This broad type of research can be generalized to larger populations.
Quantitative
This broad type of research is best used when you have enough information to form a prediction or conclusion.
Qualitative
This broad type of research is best used when there is very little known about a specific topic.
Descriptive Research
This type of Quantitative research does not compare anything. It is often used to provide statistics or averages within the population.
Test-retest
This type of reliability is present when other researchers can replicate the results of your design with a new population.
Equivalent Form
This type of reliability is present when another tool to measure a variable or concept obtains the same results as the one you used.
Internal Consistency
This type of reliability is present when participants provide the same answer, even when asked the question from a new perspective.
Split-half reliability is an example of this.
Internal Consistency
When asked, a participant says that they are happy most of the time. Later in the interview, they say that they are sad very rarely.
This would reflect what form of reliability?
Interobserver
This type of reliability is present when two researchers observing the same participants at the same time and get the same results.
Nominal Level Variables
The following question is asked in a survey:
What is your favorite primary color?
Red
Yellow
Blue
What discrete level of measure does this represent?
Dichotomous Variable
The following question is asked in a survey:
Have you attended an AA meeting in the last 7 days?
Yes
No
What discrete level of measure does this represent? Note that this is a subsection of nominal level variables.
Ordinal Level Variable
The following question is asked in a survey:
How satisfied are you with your experience at the shelter?
Very satisfied
Neutral
Not at all satisfied
What discrete level of measure does this represent?
Interval Level Variable
The following question is asked in a survey:
How accessible would you say mental health supports are in your community? (Select one)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What continuous level of measure does this represent?
Ratio Level Variable
The following question is asked in a survey:
How many times have you taken part in a focus group?
_________
What continuous level of measure does this represent?
Nominal Level Variable
This discrete level of measure offers options that are exclusive; only one can be true at once.
Ordinal Level Variable
This discrete level of measure has a progression; you can see if people are leaning one way or the other, but not by how much.
Interval Level Variable
This continuous level of measure has a progression and allows the researcher to see by how much participants lean one way or the other.
Ratio Level Variable
This continuous level of measure has a progression where any numbered answer, including zero, is possible.
Operationalization
This term refers to how you as a researcher will define a term for your study to make it tangible. Another study may take a different approach to defining the same idea.
Conceptualization
You are researching income levels in your community. A quick Google search tells you that income is the amount of money that you make. You decide that, for your study, income will include the amount of income earned by an individual in the last 12 months.
The Google definition could be described as _____
Operationalization
You are researching income levels in your community. A quick Google search tells you that income is the amount of money that you make. You decide that, for your study, income will include the amount of money earned by an individual in the last 12 months.
Your understanding of income as money earned in the last 12 months could be described as _____
Conceptualization
This term refers to a broader understanding of a concept and can help you set foundations of understandings of an idea.
Measures
This term refers to the numbers, values, words, or labels used to describe something in our research. These are often in the content of the instrument used to gather information.
Demographic Variable
You are researching the impact of drug use on the risk of suicidality in older men. You predict that smoking cannabis more than once a day will lead to increased suicidal behaviors.To study this, you are speaking with people who never use, occasionally use, and frequently use cannabis and administering a suicidality screening.
Near the end of your research, you notice that many people who did not display suicidal behaviors met with a friend or relative after the interview was complete, but you did not ask about social supports in your interview.
Gender would be considered what type of variable?
Confounding Variable
You are researching the impact of drug use on the risk of suicidality in older men. You predict that smoking cannabis more than once a day will lead to increased suicidal behaviors.To study this, you are speaking with people who never use, occasionally use, and frequently use cannabis and administering a suicidality screening.
Near the end of your research, you notice that many people who did not display suicidal behaviors met with a friend or relative after the interview was complete, but you did not ask about social supports in your interview.
Because you did not account for it, social supports could be considered what kind of variable?
Control Variable
You are researching the impact of drug use on the risk of suicidality in older men. You predict that smoking cannabis more than once a day will lead to increased suicidal behaviors.To study this, you are speaking with people who never use, occasionally use, and frequently use cannabis and administering a suicidality screening.
Near the end of your research, you notice that many people who did not display suicidal behaviors met with a friend or relative after the interview was complete, but you did not ask about social supports in your interview.
The consistent use of one suicidality screening would be considered what type of variable.
Independent Variable
You are researching the impact of drug use on the risk of suicidality in older men. You predict that smoking cannabis more than once a day will lead to increased suicidal behaviors.To study this, you are speaking with people who never use, occasionally use, and frequently use cannabis and administering a suicidality screening.
Near the end of your research, you notice that many people who did not display suicidal behaviors met with a friend or relative after the interview was complete, but you did not ask about social supports in your interview.
In this study, cannabis use would be what kind of variable?
Dependent Variable
You are researching the impact of drug use on the risk of suicidality in older men. You predict that smoking cannabis more than once a day will lead to increased suicidal behaviors.To study this, you are speaking with people who never use, occasionally use, and frequently use cannabis and administering a suicidality screening.
Near the end of your research, you notice that many people who did not display suicidal behaviors met with a friend or relative after the interview was complete, but you did not ask about social supports in your interview.
In this study, the presence/severity of suicidality would be what kind of variable?
Independent Variable
This type of variable is the thing you as a researcher have control over.
This might look like seeking out people with various associations with a phenomenon (ex: various income levels).
Dependent Variable
This type of variable is the thing you as a researcher have no control over and is generally seen as the outcome or consequence.
Demographic Variable
This type of variable includes physical characteristics or elements of a participants social location.
Confounding Variable
This type of variable includes factors that you did not account for in your study that may have also impacted the outcome or dependent variable of your study.
Control Variable
This type of variable includes factors that you keep consistent for all participants throughout the entirety of your research.
Variables
This term refers to the features or phenomena that you are exploring or that could impact the outcome of your study.
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