Micro Lecture - Ch. 16 multiple choice

arthropods

Which is the most common type of biological vector of human disease?

viruses

bacteria

mammals

arthropods

an

What are arthropods

biological vector transmission

A mosquito bites a person who subsequently develops a fever and abdominal rash. What type of transmission would this be?

mechanical vector transmission

biological vector transmission

direct contact transmission

vehicle transmission

vehicle transmission

Cattle are allowed to pasture in a field that contains the farmhouse well, and the farmer's family becomes ill with a gastrointestinal pathogen after drinking the water. What type of transmission of infectious agents would this be?

biological vector transmission

direct contact transmission

indirect contact transmission

vehicle transmission

Fomite

A blanket from a child with chickenpox is likely to be contaminated with the virus that causes chickenpox (Varicella-zoster virus). What is the blanket called?

fomite

host

pathogen

vector

any inanimate object that carries an infectious agent

What is a fomite

Tuberculosis

Which of the following would NOT be considered an emerging disease?

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

West Nile virus fever/encephalitis

Zika virus disease

Tuberculosis

its new to human population or has shown increase in prevalence in the last 20 years

What is an emerging disease?

West Nile virus fever/encephalitis

Which of the following would NOT be considered a reemerging disease?

Drug-resistant tuberculosis

Drug-resistant gonorrhea

Malaria

West Nile virus fever/encephalitis

A period of decline in vaccination rates

Which of the following factors can lead to reemergence of a disease?

A mutation that allows it to infect humans

A period of decline in vaccination rates

A change in disease reporting procedures

Better education on the signs and symptoms of the disease

They are increasing and therefore not controlled

Why are emerging diseases with very few cases the focus of intense scrutiny?

They tend to be more deadly

They are increasing and therefore not controlled

They naturally have higher transmission rates

They occur more in developed countries

Mortality

The ___________ rate is the number of deaths from a disease for every 10,000 individuals

morbidity

The __________________ rate is the number of disease cases per 100,000 individuals

pandemic

A ________________ disease is found in higher than expected numbers around the world

Endemic

A(n) ________________ disease would be found regularly in a region or population

epidemic

Diseases for which a larger than expected number of cases occurs in a short time within a geographic region are called_______________________ diseases

retrospective

What type of epidemiology would describe the examination of past case histories and medical test results conducted on patients in an outbreak?

Sporadic

A(n) ________________ disease is found occasionally in a region with cases occurring mainly in isolation from each other

John Snow

Who determined the source of a cholera outbreak in London?

Joseph Lister

Who showed that surgical wound infection rates could be dramatically reduced by using carbolic acid to disinfect surgical tools, bandages, and surgical sites?

descriptive

What type of epidemiology is the examination of current case histories, interviews with patients and their contacts, interpretation of medical test results; frequently conducted while outbreak is still in progress?

Robert Koch

Who developed a methodology for conclusively determining the etiology of disease?

prospective

_____________ epidemiology is a comparison of a cohort of individuals through the course of the study

CDC

The ________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies in the United States

analytical

______________ epidemiology would be observing groups of individuals to look for associations with disease

propagated spread

________occurs when an infected individual passes the infection on to other individuals, who pass it on to still others, increasing the penetration of the infection into the susceptible population.

experimental

____________ epidemiology is the use of a set of test subjects (human or animal) and control subjects that are treated the same as the test subjects except for the specific treatment being studied

point source

A batch of contaminated food consumed at a family reunion by most of the members of a family, would be an example of a ________ outbreak.

Nosocomial

A patient in the hospital with a urinary catheter develops a bladder infection. This is an example of a(n) ________ infection.

Infection that is gained in the hospital

(not during a surgical procedure)

What is a nosocomial infection?

vector

*insects, rodents

A ________ is an animal carrying a disease that can transfer infectious pathogens from one host to another.

Give some examples

Florence Nightingale

Who compiled data on causes of mortality in soldiers, leading to innovations in military medical care?

WHO

The ________ collects data and conducts epidemiologic studies at the global level.

Because its a situation (seasonally) where you see large numbers affected in a particular region

Trick question**

Explain how the Flu could be considered an "epidemic"?

Its a disease constantly present (at low levels) in a population inside a specific region

Explain why Malaria is an Endemic disease

Morbidity rate: # of diseased individuals in standard# of a population

Prevalence: # of diseased individuals in population at point in time

Incidence: # of new cases in period of time

What is morbidity Rate and are its two aspects?

Sporadic diseases

What are diseases that are seen only occasionally and without any geographical concentration?

Ex: Tetanus, Rabies, Plague

They are epidemics that occur worldwide

Why is HIV and AIDS considered Pandemic diseases?

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

What does CDC stand for?

Carrier

An individual capable of transmitting a pathogen without displaying symptoms is referred to as a __________

Formites

Inanimate objects called ____________ become contaminated by pathogens from infected individuals or reservoirs

Passive Carriers: Someone not infected but can can mechanically transmit pathogen to another host

Active Carriers: Infected person who can transmit disease to others

Asymptomatic Carriers: active carriers who don't show signs or symptoms of disease, despite infection

Explain the difference between:

Passive Carriers

Active Carriers

Asymptomatic Carriers

Etiology: the study of cause of disease and how its spread

Epidemiology: geographical distribution and timing of disease occurrence and how they're transmitted

What is the difference between

Etiology and Epidemiology?

Example: a fly lands on some feces then lands on your food (the vector). You then eat the food and get infected bacteria

Give an example of mechanical transmission using a mechanical vector

Arthropods

________________ are the main vectors responsible for biological transmission

Example: Mosquito transmits pathogen by biting you, which creates a wound (which is the portal of entry

Give an example of biological transmission using a biological vector

Airborn Transmission: mucus droplets from cough or sneeze contain a pathogen. transmission over a distance greater than 1 meter

Droplet vehicle transmission: has a longer distance range than airborne and use air, water, food for vehicle transmission

What is the difference between droplet vehicle transmission and airborne transmission

the "Morbidity & Mortality weekly report" (MMWR)

In what publication would you find data on emerging/reemerging diseases in the United States?

During an epidemic, why might the prevalence of a disease at a particular time not be equal to the sum of the incidences of the disease?

The study of disease causation

What is Etiology?

Formites

What are inanimate objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens?

Direct is person to person

Indirect: formats become infected. sneezing in inanimate object, someone touches that object w sneeze and they get sneeze disease

Explain the difference between Direct & Indirect contact transmission

Verticle: pathogens are transmitted via pregnancy, birth, or breast feeding

Horizontal: contact via mucus membranes

Explain the difference between

Verticle & Horizontal direct contact transmission