Cnidaria part 2- Invertebrate zoology

what do all cnidaria have?

stinging cells

what conditions do anthozoa like to live in?

shallow to abyss, temperate, tropical, and polar regions

what is the lifespan of anthozoa?

some species can live 1,000 years or more

what is actinopharynx?

Tube that projects into gastrovascular cavity

what is siphonoglyphs?

Ciliated groove in gastrovascular cavity

what is Mesenteries?

Radially arranged sheets of tissue that extend from the body wall into the actinopharynx

what is this ?

Siphonoglyph

what is this?

Mesenteries

what does anthozoa stand for?

flower animal

what subclasses are anthozoa divided into?

Hexacorallia and Octocorallia

how many layers of cells do anthozoa have?

2, endotherm and ectotherm

what is a polyp

tubelike sac, single opening which serves as both
mouth and anus

what are Cnidocytes?

stinging cells used in prey capture, defense, and intraspecific competition

what are the 3 types of cnidae

Nematocysts, Spirocysts, Ptychocysts

are anthozoa predatory?

yes

characteristics of nematocysts

venomous. found in all anthozoans

characteristics of spirocysts

non-venomous, sticky, hexacorallia

characteristics of Ptychocysts

used in tube construction, Ceriantharia only

are anthozoans colonial, clonal, or solitary?

Can be all types, depending on the species.

what can anthozoa skeletons be made of?

water (hydrostatic), protein, octorallia, and scleractinia

are anthozoa sexual or asexual?

both

definition of a genet

genetically identical group of individuals

how an corals produce fragmentation?

storms and wave action

definition of fragmentation

a piece of the parent colony becomes detached and forms a new, genetically identical colony

what kind of reproduction uses gametes?

Sexual reproduction

are anthozoa gonochoristic or hermaphroditic

can be both

what do anthozoa eggs develop into?

planula larvae

where are anthozoa found?

all oceans

do deep or shallow corals live in groups?

shallow corals often live in groups.

what are deep sea examples of coral that live in deep water?

coral gardens and forests

do corals need a host?

yes, they are host obligate

diet of anthozoa

amphipods, copepods, chaetognaths, polychaetes

can coral drown?

yes

how long can black coral live?

up to and over 4,000 years

what can coral skeletons be used for?

to study past ocean chemistry

why would a deep sea fish be red?

because red is one of the first colors to disappear in deep water, making them less visible to predators.

why would deep sea fish have bigger eyes?

to help them see in the low-light conditions of deep water

do corals compete against each other?

yes, intraspecific competition

how do corals compete/ avoid predators?

mucus and nematocysts

what does bamboo coral use for defense and feeding?

sweeper tentacles

what coral produces toxins to deter predation, but also uses the same toxins as sperm-attractants

octocorals

what is mtDNA

mitochondrial DNA

what can chemicals from corals be used for?

HIV inhibitor, cytotoxic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial

do anthozoa have fast sequences of evolution?

no, they evolve at a slow rate

what are some reasons anthozoa evolve slower?

low metabolic rate, significant bottleneck, mismatch repair genes

what is anthozoans place in the ToL

one of the earliest branches of metazoans

wat is anthozoans sister group?

bilateria

do hydrozoans have a simple life cycle?

no, it is complex

what do hydrozoans alternate bewteen?

being asexual (benthic poly) and sexual planktonic medusae

do hydrozoans always have a polyp and medusae faze?

no, they can be absent

do hydrozoans prefer freshwater?

they can prefer both marine and freshwater

what are limiting factors of hydrozoan distribution?

temperature and salinity

what is a hydrozoan that is invasive?

cordylophora caspia

what do some hydroids host?

dinoflagellates (like millepora and myrionema)

what do green hydra host?

green algae

what do genetics reveal about the life-cycle of hydrozoans

dependent of gene loss, gene replication, and horizontal gene transfer

what is HGT

transfer of genes between species

what kind of gene transfer happens between parent and offspring?

Vertical gene transfer

cnidaria is made up of 2 monophyletic clades, what are they?

Medusozoa and Anthozoa

what is a sister group?

when a single ancestral lineage gives arise to two daughter lineages

what forms a clade that is siter to hydrozoa?

sc