Ouiz 1 Terminology

what is the clinical importance of studying neuro (4 points)

- understand how the brain damage can affect communication
- predict what will happen to the patient
- follow advances that will affect our practice
- be an informed consumer (know what you are consuming)

Examples of how neuro is relevant to speech/language

• Phineas gage (rod went through skull and changed his whole personality, example of how parts of the brain affect function)

• Veterans (TBI)

• Baby boomers (aging brain)

• COVID long haulers (brain is still affect by taste, smell, cognitive fatigue)

• Developmental disorders (DS, AU, learning disorders)

Examples of brain injuries (2)

• Stroke (CVA)

• TBI

Examples of degeneration diseases (5)

• Alzheimer’s

• Picks disease

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• Multiple sclerosis

• Gillian-barre syndrome

Examples of motor disorders (3)

• Huntington chorea

• Parkinson’s

• Cerebral palsy

Additional brain disorders (5)

• Neoplasm

• Deficiency disorders

• Bacterial and viral infections

• Epilepsy

• Toxic and metabolic disorders

Sudden loss of sensorimotor, speech, and language functions

Caused by interrupted blood supply to the brain

Stoke (CVA)

Broken axons, ruptured arteries, and tissue damage secondary to an excessive bouncing around the brain within hard and edgy skull

Clinically marked by coup (under impact site) and contrecoup (opposite impact site) injuries

TBI

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain associated with dementia in an elderly population

Clinically marked by amnesia, personality changes, and impaired cognition

Alzheimer’s

Progressive degenerative disease marked by the presence of abnormal substances (pick bodies and tau proteins) in nerve cells of the frontal-temporal lobes

Clinically marked by behavioral and linguistic impairments

Picks disease

Progressive degenerative of motor neuron in the brain and spinal cord

Clinically marked by weakness, slow movement, spasticity

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Progressive autoimmune disease o myelin degeneration in the CNS affecting nerve conduction speed

Clinically marked by muscle weakness, sensation loss, and disequilibrium

In coordination and speech disturbance come and go

Multiple sclerosis

Involves the body’s own immune system attacking the axons and their coverings in the PNS

Gillian-barre syndrome

Degenerative brain disease of dominant inheritance appearing in the mid-30s

Clinically characterized by personality deficit, dementia, dysarthria, and chorea

Huntington chorea

Degenerative motor disease of the brain characterized by tremor, slow movement, reduced muscular strength, and dysarthria

Parkinson disease

An encompassing term for developmental sensorimotor disorders in children with or without communicative and cognitive deficits

Caused by lack of oxygen to the brain before, during, or immediately after birth

Cerebral palsy

Damage caused by infiltration and invasion of normal structures by uncontrolled cell growth (benign or malignant)

Clinically marked by progressive and diffuse symptoms

Neoplasm

Amnesia, confabulation, psychosis (impaired reality awareness) caused by thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism (wernicke-korsakoff system)

Deficiency disorders

Viral or bacterial inflammatory infection of CNS membrane (coverings) ; also called meningitis

Clinically marked with headache, fever, stiff neck, and long-term cognitive impairments

Bacterial and viral infections

Impairment of sensory, motor, cognitive, and affective functions secondary to abnormal electrical activity in the brain

Clinically characterized by seizures

Epilepsy

Cover term for any (internally generated or externally induced by drugs) condition with effects on the brain’s cellular functioning

Commonly associated with diabetes, abnormal liver functioning, drug intoxication, and anoxia

Toxic and metabolic disorders

coronal

divides into front and back (slices bread)

sagittal

divides into right and left (hot dog)

transverse

divides into top and bottom (hamburger)

Towards center

medial/center/deep

Towards the outside

Lateral/peripheral/superficial

dorsal and ventral can also mean what for the brainstem and spinal cord

anterior and posterior

dorsal and ventral can also mean what for the body

superior and inferior

afferent

toward the brain (sensory)

efferent

away from the brain (motor)
movement results in an Effect

roles of the nervous system (3)

1) Execute motor functions
2) Analyze sensory stimuli
3) Integrate, interpret, and act on the former 2 functions

2 types of divisions of the NS

anatomical and physiological

anatomical division of the NS divides into what

CNS and PNS

physiological division of the NS divides into what

somatic (volitional/within our control) and autonomic (nonvolitional/out of control)

somatic nervous system

(voluntary control) sensory and motor nerves innervate muscles and skin

autonomic nervous system

(involuntary control) sensory and motor nerves innervate visceral organs and glands

sympathetic system

fight or flight
activates visceral organs

parasympathetic system

rest and digest
back to normal visceral functions

parts of the CNS

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

cranial nerves are located in the ...

brainstem

spinal nerves are located in the ...

spinal cord

ganglia

extensions of the cranial and spinal nerves, lower level cell bodies and connections from the cranial and spinal nerves

cells in the nervous system

neurons/nerves

soma

cell body

dendrites

taking in info/fingers

axon

signal travels to the next neuron

synaptic ending

connection happens to the next neuron

synaptic terminal

space between transmitting neurons

neural structures vary by ________

function, its structures give you insight about its function

all neurons have ____ axon

1

gray vs white matter

gray= soma/cell bodies
white=myelinated axons, tracts

the cerebral cortex contains ___________ neurons

10-14 billion

how thick is the cerebral cortex layer

very thin, 2-4 mm

which layer is the most superficial in the cerebral cortex

gray matter

how many layers make up the cerebral cortex

6

the cerebral cortex is responsible for integrating ....

higher level functions (processing, integrating)

gyrus

goes up (ridge)

sulcus

sinks down (groove)

fissure

deeper groove

longitudinal fissure

sagittal divide of the right and left hemisphere

central sulcus

Rolandic fissure/fissure of rolando, coronal divide

lateral sulcus

sylvian fissure

what is next to the lateral sulcus

language area

perisylvian region

around the sylvian fissure

function of ventricles

constantly circulate CSF

how many ventricles

4

corpus callosum

connects 2 hemispheres and is a major tract of connection

basal ganglia

refines motor movement (so we don’t have jerky movement)

thalamus

sensory relay station, 1st stop of sensory info and then sends it to where it needs to go

hypothalamus

autonomic system, helps in survival functions like body temperature and sexual drive, involved in hormones

amygdala

fear processing, fight or flight, survival

hippocampus

memory of facts, what happens to us (our story), consolidates into long-term memory

cerebellum

balance, coordination, makes a plan of what an action should be and matches the plan and makes adjustments in real time

brainstem

where our CN are housed, a major highway system for tracts ascending and descending

how can the NS be classified? name the components in each of these systems

classified by the CNS and PNS

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: somatic NS and autonomic NS

autonomic NS: sympathetic system and parasympathetic system

name the major landmarks and gesture where they are located

longitudinal fissure (divide right and left hemisphere), central sulcus (divide anterior and posterior), lateral sulcus (divide frontal and temporal lobe), ventricles

list 3 subcortical structures and their functions

1. corpus callosum: connects right and left hemispheres

2. thalamus: sensory relay station

3. cerebrum: responsible for balance and coordination

interconnectivity

our brains have hubs with long range connection and local connections close in the brain, our brain is all connected

centrality of the CNS

CNS responses can be integrated, volitional, or reflexive (3 roles of NS)

all communication between lower levels is mediated by the CNS

CNS responses can be _________, ___________, ___________

integrated, volitional, reflexive

hierarchical organization- high

cortex
association area, secondary areas, primary areas

association areas

integrates with information from other functional regions, taking info from different systems and associating it

secondary areas

higher-level processing, integrates parts

primary areas

process lower-level info, break down into parts

hierarchical organization- intermediate

ex reticular formation
regulate consciousness, respiration, sleep, endocrine levels and neurotransmitter interactions

hierarchical organization- low

ex. spinal cord
reflexes, otherwise controlled by higher levels

laterality of the brain

1. bilateral anatomic symmetry

2. unilateral organization of functions

3. contralateral sensorimotor control

bilateral anatomic symmetry

all structures are symmetrical except for the planum temporale (L>R)

unilateral organization of functions

BUT no hemisphere acts alone, conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

contralateral sensorimotor control

since most fibers cross at the brainstem, the opposite side of the brain controls motor and sensory functions

unilateral organization: cerebral dominance

left side of your brain is usually dominant

right handed people are 96% likely to be left hemisphere dominant

left handed people are 70% likely to be left hemisphere dominant (if someone is right hemisphere dominant they may be left handed)

contralateral sensorimotor control

each hemisphere acts contralaterally (both for motor and sensory)

left side of brain=right side of body

right side of brain=left side of body

functional networking

neuronal systems are specialized yet operate in functional networks, they connect for a reason

functionally-related areas are affected by the same lesion. lesion in one part of the brain affects the function of somewhere else in the brain

diaschisis

topographical representation

specific neural tissue controls specific structures
(homunculus)

organization about which part of the brain is assigned to what function

neuroplasticity of the brain

the brain is constantly changing through lifespan (learning)

why is early development a critical period

input/experience is most effect (and essential) in influencing synaptic connections, neuroplasticity is at its peak and needs the right info

culturally neutral brain

The brain functions basically the same across gender or culture, individual variability is based on genetics and environment

list the 7 neural principles

1. interconnectivity

2. centrality of the CNS (hierarchical organization)

3. laterality of the brain

4. functional networking

5. topographical representation

6. neuroplasticity of the brain

7. culturally neutral brain