5. Describe the system of consonant phonemes in English. Describe the distinctions between the English and Czech system of phonemes. Describe any consonant distinctions in English dialects.

English:

·        Consonants – speech sounds formed with partial obstruction of breath

·        Plosives – c. with total obstruction, followed by a burst of noise ("p, t, k, b, d, g")

·        Fricatives –c. with air escaping through a small passage, producing a hissing sound (f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h) ¨

·        Affricates – start as plosives and end as fricatives (ʧ, ʤ)

·        Nasals – allow air to escape through the nose (m, n, ŋ)

·        Lateral consonants – "l" have air escaping along the sides of the tongue; "r" is an approximant and does not make contact with the roof of the mouth; "j" and "w" function as both vowels and consonants, occurring before vowels

Czech

• Plosives –voiceless (/p/, /t/, /k/) and voiced (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/); they are produced similarly to English plosives.

• Fricatives – (/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /x/); they are similar to English fricatives.

• Affricates – (/ts/, /dz/, /tʃ/); they are similar to English affricates.

• Nasals – (/m/, /n/, /ɲ/); they are similar to English nasals.

• Liquids and Approximants –liquids (/r/, /l/) and approximants (/j/, /ʋ/). They are similar to English l. and a.

eng Consonants

·        speech sounds formed with partial obstruction of breath

eng Plosives

• c. with total obstruction, followed by a burst of noise

• p, t, k, b, d, g

eng    Fricatives

• c. with air escaping through a small passage, producing a hissing sound

• f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h)

eng  Affricates

• start as plosives and end as fricatives

• ʧ, ʤ

eng Nasals

• allow air to escape through the nose

• m, n, ŋ

eng Lateral consonants

• "l" have air escaping along the sides of the tongue

• "r" is an approximant and does not make contact with the roof of the mouth

• "j" and "w" function as both vowels and consonants, occurring before vowels

Czech Plosives

• voiceless (/p/, /t/, /k/) and voiced (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/);

• they are produced similarly to English plosives.

Czech      Fricatives

• /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /x/

• they are similar to English fricatives.

Czech Affricates

• /ts/, /dz/, /tʃ/

• they are similar to English affricates.

Czech       Nasals

• /m/, /n/, /ɲ/

• they are similar to English nasals.

Czech Liquids and Approximants

• liquids (/r/, /l/

• approximants (/j/, /ʋ/

• They are similar to English l. and a.

what have both cz and eng ?

• plosives

• fricative

• affricates

• nasals

• liquids/approximants

what has czech additionally?

• nasal sound /ɲ/

• the approximant /ʋ/