Thẻ ghi nhớ: CHAPTER|3: Road Maps for Behavior | Quizlet

Perception (Definition)

The process by which individuals convert external events/experiences into meaningful internal understanding; constructing reality.

Perceptual Process (3 Steps)

Selection (focusing on certain stimuli), Organization, and Interpretation.

Perception is Culturally Determined

Culture teaches the meaning behind most experiences and fundamentally guides actions.

Perception is Inaccurate

Influenced by a subjective lens (culture, values); people see what they expect or want to see.

Beliefs (Definition)

A concept or idea held to be true, with or without proof (subjective conviction).

Values (Definition)

Enduring attitudes about desired goals or optimal ways of living; guidelines to judge good/bad, right/wrong.

Behaviors (Definition)

The outward manifestations and observable demonstrations of internalized beliefs and values.

Cultural Patterns / Value Orientations

Umbrella term for culturally based beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors shared by the dominant group.

Caveat: Cultural Patterns Are Integrated

Patterns do not operate in isolation but are interconnected and work in concert.

Caveat: Cultural Patterns Are Contradictory

Conflicting values frequently coexist within a single culture (e.g., valuing equality while displaying prejudice).

Kohls: Personal Control Over Nature (U.S.)

Belief that the environment can be conquered or harnessed (e.g., constructing dams or highways).

Kohls: Time and Its Control (U.S.)

Time is a valuable commodity that must be measured and used wisely (schedules, deadlines).

Kohls: Individuality and Privacy (U.S.)

The individual is the most important unit; independence and self-reliance prevail over group needs.

Kohls: Future Orientation (U.S.)

What lies ahead holds the greatest significance; optimistic emphasis on the future.

Kohls: Directness, Openness, and Honesty (U.S.)

Communication is generally frank and explicit, valued over politeness or face-saving measures.

K&S: Human Nature - Evil

Humans are intrinsically bad (e.g., early Puritans).

K&S: Person/Nature - Harmony

Humans are a cooperative part of nature (e.g., East Asians, American Indians).

K&S: Person/Nature - Mastery

Humans can and should conquer and direct the forces of nature (e.g., Western culture, U.S.).

K&S: Time Orientation - Past

History and tradition are paramount and guide present decisions (e.g., China, France).

K&S: Time Orientation - Future

Values what is yet to come; characterized by change and optimism (e.g., U.S.).

K&S: Activity Orientation - Doing

Accomplishments measured by external (measurable) standards; action-oriented (e.g., dominant U.S. culture).

K&S: Activity Orientation - Being-in-Becoming

Stress on inner development and spiritual growth (e.g., Hinduism, Buddhism).

Hall: High-Context Cultures (HC)

Most information resides implicitly in the person or context; communication is indirect (e.g., Northeast Asia, Arab cultures).

Hall: Low-Context Cultures (LC)

The bulk of information is in the explicit code (the words); communication is direct and unambiguous (e.g., U.S., Germany).

Hofstede: Individualism

Individual is the most important unit; emphasizes personal rights, independence, and achievement (e.g., U.S., Canada).

Hofstede: Collectivism

Group interests precede individual; emphasizes interdependence and loyalty to the in-group (e.g., South Korea, China).

Hofstede: High Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)

Attempts to reduce unpredictability through rigid rules, consensus, and resistance to change (e.g., Japan, Greece).

Hofstede: Low Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)

Easily accepts uncertainty; tolerates the unusual and values initiative and flexibility (e.g., U.S., Singapore).

Hofstede: High Power Distance (PD)

Accepts hierarchy and authority; power is centralized (e.g., Malaysia, India).

Hofstede: Low Power Distance (PD)

Inequality should be minimized; power holders try to look less powerful (e.g., U.S., Australia).

Hofstede: Masculinity

Dominant values stress assertiveness, material success, and clear emotional gender roles (e.g., Japan, U.S.).

Hofstede: Femininity

Dominant values stress nurturing behaviors, modesty, quality of life, and overlapping emotional gender roles (e.g., Sweden, Norway).

Hofstede: Long-Term Orientation

Fosters virtues toward future rewards: perseverance and thrift (e.g., China, South Korea).

Hofstede: Short-Term Orientation

Fosters virtues related to the past and present: respect for tradition and preservation of "face" (e.g., U.S., Mexico).

Minkov: Industrious Cultures

Prioritize hard work, thrift, discipline, and acceptance of social control (e.g., China, Vietnam).

Minkov: Indulgent Cultures

Prioritize enjoyment, leisure time, consumption, and individual freedom (e.g., U.S., Sweden).

Minkov: Monumentalism

Characterized by high self-pride, fixed identity, strong values, and belief in absolute truth (e.g., Middle East nations).

Minkov: Flexumility

Blend of flexibility and humility; values modesty, situational adaptability, and belief in relative truth (e.g., Japan, South Korea).

Gelfand: Tight Cultures

Exhibit strong social norms and minimal tolerance for deviation (e.g., Japan, South Korea).

Gelfand: Loose Cultures

Characterized by relatively weak social norms and significant tolerance for deviation (e.g., U.S., New Zealand).

Face (Ting-Toomey)

The public identity or self-image a person projects, maintained or lost through social interaction.

Facework (Ting-Toomey)

Communication actions used to build, maintain, protect, or threaten dignity/honor for self or others.

Face Concern: Collectivism

Prioritizes other-face and mutual-face; favors indirect communication to avoid confrontation.

Face Concern: Individualism

Prioritizes self-face; derives face from self-effort, favors direct communication to resolve conflicts.

Developing Awareness

Crucial to understand the causes (motivating values) behind observed differences, not just label behaviors as strange.