Exam 2

i will pass this test with a B i will pass this test with a B i will pass this test with a B

function of lymphatic system

returns fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood

what are the 3 parts of the lymphatic system

lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymph nodes

where does lymph come from

interstitial fluid from leaked nutrients and wastes forced out of the capillaries that have gotten to the lymphatic vessel

what is important to note about plasma

it’s the fluid flowing in blood vessels

what is important to note about interstitial fluid

it’s the fluid formed from plasma filtered out of the blood vessels

what is important to note about lymph

it’s when interstitial fluid is picked up by the lymphatic vessels

what are examples of phagocytic cells

neutrophils, macrophages, and some lymphocytes

what are the lymphatic’s organs

spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphoid tissue

at what rate do lymphatic capillaries pick up interstitial fluid

about 3 liters a day

how do capillary beds force fluid into the extracellular space

through hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure

what are the functions of lymphatic vessels

returns extra fluid into bloodstream, return leaked proteins to blood, and carry absorbed fat from intestines to blood

where does the right lymphatic duct drain

right arm, right side of head, neck, and thorax (chest)

where does the thoracic duct drain

both legs, left arm, left side of head, neck, thorax, and the whole abdomen (stomach)

what is cisterna chyli

a sac-like structure located in the lower thoracic duct

what is the function of cisterna chyli

collects lymph of lower body and temporary hold for lymph before it goes into thoracic duct

what is the correct pathway of lymphatic vessels

lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, ducts

what is lymphangitis

infection or inflammation of lymphatic vessels

what is lymphedema

failure of lymphatic flow which increases lymph in interstitial fluid

what is chyle

fatty lymph

what are lacteals

specialized lymphatic capillaries that transport fat in the gut

what happens when minivalves are open

interstitial pressure > lymphatic capillary pressure and fluid enters lymphatic capillary

what happens when minivalves are closed

lymphatic capillary pressure > interstitial pressure which prevents backflow; lymph moves forward

function of B cells

produce antibodies (immunogoblins), neutralize and mark pathogens for destruction, and remember for quicker fighting next time

function of T cells

(helper T cells) activate B, other T cells, and macrophages by releasing cytokines

(cytotoxic) destroy infected or abnormal cells (virus-infected or cancer cells).

function of neutrophils

first line of defense, act in phagocytosis and release chemicals to kill more cells and attract more helping cells to area

function of macrophages

removes dead cells and debris and present antigens on their surface to help T cells

function of reticular cells

structural support and immune regulation and maintain environment for thymus and bone marrow

which cells are antigen presenting

T, B, natural killer, macrophages, and dendritic cells

what is the function of lymphoid tissue

houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes and macrophages

what are the two types of lymphoid tissue

diffuse lymphoid and lymphoid follicles/nodules

where is diffuse lymphoid tissue

larger collections within lamina propia od muscous membranes

what are lymphoid follicles/nodules

spherical bodies filled with lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

what is found in germinal centers

B lymphocytes

what is found in peyer’s patches

ileum which absorbs nutrients (B12)

what is lamina propria

a thin layer of loose ct that lies just beneath the epithelium of mucous membranes forming mucosa

where is lamina propria located

digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract

what kind of lymphatic properties does lamina propria contain

many immune cells, small lymphatic vessels, antigen presenting cells, and is part of MALT

what is MALT

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

where are lymph nodes located

they are clustered along lymphatic vessels

what are examples of large lymphatic node clusters

inguinal, axillary, and cervical

what is the function of lymph nodes

filter lymph and immune system activation (lymphoid cells on an antigen)

how do lymph nodes filter lymph

through macrophages removing and destroying antigens and debris

what structures are found in the lymph node cortex

lymphoid follicle, germinal center, and the subscapular sinus

what structures are found in the lymph node medulla

medullary cord and sinus

what is the function of trabeculae/septa

they divide the lymph nodes into compartments

what is the circulation of afferent vessels in a lymph node

it flows unfiltered lymph INTO the node

what is the circulation of efferent vessels in a lymph node

it flows “cleaned” lymph OUT of the node

what is the circulation of subscapular sinus in a lymph node

allows the lymph to spread to the internal filtration sustem

what is the circulation of medullary sinus in a lymph node

trap and destroy foreign particles and pathogens and comes to contact with lymphocytes for immune activation

what is the pathway order for lymph nodes

afferent, subscapular, trabecular, medullary, efferent

what is the bubonic plague

big golf ball sized swollen lymph nodes

where is the spleen located

left upper quadrant

the capsule of the spleen is composed of which tissues

thin dense connective tissue with smooth muscle fibers

the lymphatic functions of the spleen would be located where

within white pulp

the blood cell functions of the sleep would be located where

within red pulp

what is the lymphatic function of the spleen

lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response, detects pathogens and presents antigens

what is the blood cell function of the spleen

remove defective RBCs and platelets, macrophages remove debris and foreign matter, and store platelets and monocytes

what is the blood cell function of the spleen during fetal development

fetal RBC production

what is unique about the spleen’s capsule

it is able to expel stored blood into the bloodstream in times of stress

where is the thymus located

mediastinum in upper thorax deep to sternum

what happens to the sternum after puberty

(atrophy) it starts to break down

what is the function of the thymus

participates in maturation of self-tolerant T cells (immonocompetence) NO B CELLS HERE

what is the difference between the thymus’ cortex and medulla

the cortex is more densely packed with lymphocytes; so much more darker

what is the function of the thymus cortex

site of T cell proliferation and positive selection (ensures T cells can recognize self-MHC)

what is the function of the thymus medulla

site of negative selection (eliminates self-reactive T cells to prevent autoimmunity), hassall’s corpuscles

what is unique about the thymus structure

has no B cells, doesn’t directly fight antigens, and has a blood thymus barrier

where can you find MALT

in the tonsils, peyer’s patches, and the appendix

what are the 3 tonsils

pharyngeal, lingual, and palatine

what is the function of tonsils

to remove pathogens from food and air

what is the function of tonsiliar crypts

trap bacteria, detect potential threats, and stimulate adaptive immunity

where are the pharyngeal tonsils located

in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx (upper throat)

where are the palatine tonsils located

on either side of the oropharynx (back of the throat)

where are the lingual tonsils located

at the base of the tongue, on the posterior surface