APUSH Period 4 - Heimler's History

Flashcards for reviewing Unit 4 of AP U.S. History, covering the period of 1800-1848

What three main themes define the period of 1800-1848 in US History?

The expanding role of the United States in world affairs, the transformation of society and economy, and Americans coming to terms with growing democratic impulses.

What was Jefferson's initial approach to the Barbary Pirates and how did it evolve?

Initially, Jefferson opposed paying tributes and ceased payments, leading to attacks. He then sent the Navy to retaliate but eventually negotiated a reduced payment.

What is strict constructionism?

The belief that the federal government is limited to powers explicitly stated in the Constitution.

What is loose constructionism?

The belief that the federal government has more flexibility in interpreting the Constitution, allowing it to do more than explicitly stated.

Why did Jefferson struggle with the Louisiana Purchase?

As a strict constructionist, he doubted the president's constitutional power to buy land, but he justified it by the benefits it would bring to the country.

What were the major outcomes of the Lewis and Clark and Zebulon Pike expeditions?

More accurate mapping, greater geographic and scientific knowledge, and further diplomatic relations with Indians.

What is the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional and increasing the power of hte Supreme Court.

What is the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

Affirmed that federal law trumps state law.

What were the primary causes of the War of 1812?

British and French seizure of American merchant ships, British incitement of Indian resistance in the West, and the British practice of impressment.

What were the major consequences of the War of 1812?

Intense nationalism, the demise of the Federalist Party, and the revelation of economic and infrastructure weaknesses.

What were the three main components of Henry Clay's American System?

Federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a second Bank of the United States.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ line, except in Missouri.

What were the main points of the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819?

Spain sold Florida to the US and established the southern border of the United States.

What is the Monroe Doctrine of 1823?

Established the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, free from European influence.

What was the Market Revolution?

The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms, driven by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

What were the key technological advances that fueled the Market Revolution?

Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts, and steamboats.

What major demographic changes occurred in the North during the Market Revolution?

Significant immigration, leading to a growing class of laboring poor and the establishment of ethnic enclaves, as well as a growing middle class.

What is the cult of domesticity?

The societal norm that a woman's identity and purpose revolved around childbearing and making her home a haven for her husband.

What factors led to the expansion of democracy in the early 19th century?

The Panic of 1819, the influence of universal male suffrage in frontier states, and the lowering or elimination of property qualifications for voting in eastern states.

How did the election of 1824 lead to the realignment of political parties?

It led to a split in the Democratic-Republican Party, creating the National Republicans and the Democrats.

What was the 'corrupt bargain'?

The alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 election, where Clay supported Adams in the House of Representatives, and Adams then appointed Clay as Secretary of State.

What was the main disagreement between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party?

The scope of federal power.

What was the Tariff of Abominations, and why did it cause controversy?

The Tariff of 1828, which raised import duties up to 50%, favored northern manufacturers but was hated by southerners who relied on imported goods.

What was the doctrine of nullification?

The belief that states had the power to determine the constitutionality of federal laws and could refuse to follow them.

What was the Force Bill?

A bill passed by Congress that gave President Jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina.

Why did Andrew Jackson veto the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States?

He believed that the national bank favored the elite over ordinary citizens.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and its consequences?

The act authorized the removal of Native American tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River, leading to the Trail of Tears.

What was the significance of Worcester v. Georgia?

The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and that Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries, however, this was ignored.

What was the impact of Noah Webster's American Dictionary?

Standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American English.

What is transcendentalism?

An American philosophy that emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature and the perfectibility of humans.

What was the focus of the Second Great Awakening compared to the First Great Awakening?

The Second Great Awakening emphasized the moral reformation of society rather than just personal moral reformation.

What were the key goals of the temperance movement?

Complete abstinence from alcohol.

What were the beliefs of Mormonism?

That all churches in America had strayed from the true teachings of the original apostolic church and practiced polygamy.

What was the goal of the Abolitionist Movement?

Sought to end slavery through moral persuasion

Where did enslaved people find ways to connect?

Through song they created a rhythm for their work and expressed collective despair and hopes.

What are yeoman farmers.

Independent landowners who generaly did not own slaves.