CELL BIO (copy)

CELL BIO

Adenine bases

Always equal to the amount of thymine bases.

DNA as a transforming factor

Found by Avery McCarty and Macleod.

Nucleic acid

Term coined by Miesher.

X-ray diffraction

Technique used by Rosalind Franklin.

Bacteriophages

DNA is the hereditary material, as shown by Hershey and Chase.

Turner syndrome

Nondisjunction disorder where subject appears female but is sterile. One missing X chromosome

Klinefelter syndrome

Nondisjunction disorder where subject appears male but is sterile. Extra X

Muscular Dystrophy

Sex linked disorder leading to skeletal muscle loss.

Sickle cell anemia

Codominant disorder where blood cells are misshaped.

Down Syndrome

Nondisjunction disorder where an extra 21st chromosome is present.

Huntington disease

Dominant disorder causing muscle loss and nervous dysfunction which doesn't appear until age 30-40s.

Hemophilia

Recessive sex linked disorder where blood fails to clot.

Karyotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell.

46 XX

The chromosome pattern of a normal female.

Meiosis

The process during which nondisjunction occurs.

Malaria

Disease stopped by having sickle cell anemia.

O

The recessive allele in the alleles that determine blood type.

48 XXXY

An individual with this chromosome pattern appears male.

Color blindness

An example of a sex-linked trait.

Homozygous dominant female with a color blind male

Parental pair that could not produce a color blind male.

Stature

An example of a polygenic trait.

Hemophilia

Disorder that results when there are no clotting factors.

Three alleles

Human blood groups have this many alleles.

Polymerase

Protein that synthesizes the messenger RNA from the DNA.

Operator

The gene product is not produced when the repressor binds to this.

Autosomes

Non-sex chromosomes, humans have 22 pairs of them.

Polygenic

Traits that are caused by the interaction of many genes.

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate during this stage of meiosis.

Prophase I

Stage during which crossing over occurs.

4 haploid cells

Meiosis produces this number of cells in males.

Sex-linked

Genes that are linked on non-autosomes.

Incomplete Dominance

A blending of alleles.

Sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes are examples of these.

XX

The sex chromosome pattern for a normal female.

Crossing over

Gene linkages may be broken by this process.

Frameshift mutation

Mutation resulting from an extra nucleotide being inserted into a gene.

Codominance

Both alleles are expressed in this genetic interaction.

Nondisjunction mutation

An organism has an extra copy of a chromosome in all its cells.

Lysosome

Waste management of the cell, breaks down and recycles.

Cell membrane

Outside covering of cells.

Identification carbohydrates

Purpose of carbohydrates in the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

Everything between nucleus and cell membrane.

Vacuole

Stores food, water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, etc. for the plant cell. Big storing space regulate cell pressure

Very complex

Characteristic that is not associated with a prokaryotic cell.

Endocytosis

An example of active transport.

Passive transport

Term that includes osmosis diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Van Helmont

Who started the Experiment that showed that part of a growing plant's mass comes from water.

Aerobic Respiration

Respiration with oxygen.

Plastids

Plant organelle used to store food or pigments. Also responsible for photosynthesis

Nuclear envelope

Surrounds the nucleolus and the chromatids.

Glucose

Substance not produced in the light reactions.

False

Statement about the dark reactions of photosynthesis capturing energy in sunlight to make ATP and NADPH.

Mitochondria

Organelle where the electron transport chain occurs.

Active Transport

Process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of low concentration to areas of higher concentration.

NADPH with electrons

What goes into the dark regions.

Electron transport chain

Last stage in aerobic respiration.

Solution

the end product after every thing has been dissolved

Cytosol

Which term does not belong

Cytoskeleton Microfilament Microtubule Cytosol

Lactic Acid

What does our body make during anaerobic respiration?

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Cells

All living things are made of

Eukaryotes

Organisms whose cells contain nuclei (Larger and more complex)

Metabolic requirements

Why does a cell need to be a certain size

Mitochondria

The organelle that is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it converts energy into its usable form is

2

What is the net amount of ATP made in Glycolysis?

Nucleus of cells

Robert Brown discovered what

Cytoskeleton

Gives cell their shape

Lose salt

A cell that has a hypertonic salt solution will

Plants and animals are made of cells

The work of Schleiden and Schwann can be summarized by saying

Cell wall

Two organelles that are common to plant but not animal cells are

Golgi body

The sorting and packaging area for proteins in the cells is

Thykaloid

What part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?

Prokaryotes

Organisms whose cells lack nuclei (Smaller and unicellular)

Microtubules

Hollow tubes made of protein.

Permeability

What determines if a substance can move across a membrane

Aerobic respiration

Which term is least closely related to the others?

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration Lactic acid fermentation alcoholic fermentation

Lysosome

These organelles aid in the digestion of other organelles

Proteins and RNA

The nucleolus is made up of

Flagella

LONG, whip like structures that help unicellular organisms move.

Cell wall

Gives plant (cells) structure

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a function

Rough ER

Proteins are modified by special enzymes in what organelle

Eukaryotic

If you observe several cells with a nuclei under the microscope, you are probably observing cells that are

PGAL

Which of these is produced in the Dark reactions?

Microfilaments

long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of the cell

Cell Theory

forms the basic framework in which biologists have tried to understand living things

Ferns

Which one is autotroph

Calvin cycle

What is another name for the dark regions in photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Solvent

the thing that is making something dissolve

Stroma of the chloroplast

where do the dark reactions happen in a plant cell

Chloroplast

Contains pigments for photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

A type of pigment found in green plants is

Golgi Apparatus

Packages Proteins

Solute

the thing that is being dissolved in a solution

2

How many ATPs are made in lactic acid fermentation?

Cilia

SHORT hairs that move unicellular organisms and help substances move across surface of cells.

Nucleus

Holds the DNA and information of the cell

Ribosomes

The most common organelle that makes proteins

Reflects green light

The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll does what