Chapter 9: Lifespan Development (copy)

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 10 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/132

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

133 Terms

1
New cards

developed and refined a theory describing four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

Diana Baumrind

2
New cards

Discontinuous

: development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages.

3
New cards

Ainsworth

identified three types of parent- child attachments: secure, avoidant, and resistant.

4
New cards

Newborn infants sensory abilities

are significant, but their senses are not yet fully developed.

5
New cards

Researcher Harry Harlow

conducted a series of experiments on monkeys and concluded that there was more to the mother- child bond than nourishment.

6
New cards

Sigmund Freud

believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults.

7
New cards

Fingers

and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible.

8
New cards

Concrete operational

: occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies.

9
New cards

Conception

: when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote.

10
New cards

Teratogen

: any environmental agent- biological, chemical, or physical- that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.

11
New cards

Elizabeth Kübler Ross

proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

12
New cards

Secure base

: a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

13
New cards

Infants

: shake their head "no "and respond to verbal requests to do things.

14
New cards

Positive relationships

with significant others in our adult years have been found to contribute to a state of well- being.

15
New cards

Erikson

proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan and how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity.

16
New cards

Object permanence

: the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists.

17
New cards

Mitosis

: when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one- cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on.

18
New cards

zygote

The travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus, and is now known as an embryo.

19
New cards

Cognitive empathy

begins to increase in adolescence and is an important component of social problem solving and conflict avoidance.

20
New cards

legal document

Living will or advance directive: a written that details specific interventions a person wants.

21
New cards

Piaget

said that children develop schemata to help them understand the world.

22
New cards

Developmental milestones

: specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)

23
New cards

care proxy

Health : appoints a specific person to make medical decisions for you if you are unable to speak for yourself.

24
New cards

Stranger anxiety

: a fear of unfamiliar people.

25
New cards

Sensorimotor

: lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior.

26
New cards

Menarche

: the beginning of menstrual periods.

27
New cards

Adolescence

: the period of development that begins at puberty and ends at emerging adulthood.

28
New cards

Reversibility

: objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition.

29
New cards

Assimilation

: when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.

30
New cards

Erik Erikson

, a stage theorist, took Freuds theory and modified it to psychosocial theory.

31
New cards

Socioemotional selectivity theory

: our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years.

32
New cards

Jean Piaget

is a stage theorist who studied childhood development and focused on childrens cognitive growth.

33
New cards

Adulthood

begins around 20 years old and has three distinct stages: early, middle, and late.

34
New cards

Feelings of comfort

and security are the critical components to maternal- infant bonding, which leads to healthy psychosocial development.

35
New cards

Resuscitate

Do Not (DNR) Order: states that if a person stops breathing or their heart stops beating, medical personnel are NOT to take steps to revive or the patient.

36
New cards

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg

believed that moral development follows a series of stages.

37
New cards

Postformal thinkers

are able to draw on past experiences to help them solve new problems.

38
New cards

Teen thinking

is also characterized by the ability to consider multiple points of view, imagine hypothetical situations, debate ideas and opinions, and form new ideas.

39
New cards

Attachment

: a long- standing connection or bond with others.

40
New cards

psychosocial theory

According to , we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood.

41
New cards

Spermarche

: the first ejaculation.

42
New cards

Accommodation

: when they change their schemata based on new information.

43
New cards

Temperament

: innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

44
New cards

Researcher John Bowlby

developed the concept of attachment theory.

45
New cards

Conservation

: the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

46
New cards

Placenta

: a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

47
New cards

Pre conventional morality

: before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self- interest, and rewards.

48
New cards

Self concept

is re- evaluated in Eriksons adolescence stage, as teens form an identity.

49
New cards

Prenatal care

: medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.

50
New cards

neural tube forms

The along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain.

51
New cards

Physical development

involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

52
New cards

Cognitive development

involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

53
New cards

Psychosocial development

involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

54
New cards

Normative approach

asks, "What is normal development?"

55
New cards

Developmental milestones

specific normative events (crawling, walking, etc)

56
New cards

Continuous development

views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills

57
New cards

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

According to Freud, childrens pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development

58
New cards

Psychosocial development theory

emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature

59
New cards

Infancy (birth to 12 months)

resolve the task trust versus mistrust

60
New cards

Toddlers (ages 1-3 years)

to resolve the issue of autonomy versus shame and doubt, by working to establish independence

61
New cards

Preschool stage (ages 3-6 years)

resolve the task of initiative versus guilt

62
New cards

Elementary school stage (ages 6-12)

resolve the task of industry versus inferiority

63
New cards

Adolescence (ages 12-18)

resolve the task of identity versus role confusion

64
New cards

Early adulthood (i.e., 20s through early 40s)

resolve intimacy versus isolation

65
New cards

Middle adulthood (40s to mid-60s)

resolve generativity versus stagnation

66
New cards

Late adulthood (mid-60s to the end of life)

resolve integrity versus despair

67
New cards

assimilation and accommodation

When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes

68
New cards

Assimilation

when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know

69
New cards

Accommodation

when they change their schemata based on new information

70
New cards

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development that unfolds in four stages

71
New cards

Sensorimotor

lasts from birth to about 2 years old; children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior

72
New cards

Object permanence

the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists

73
New cards

Stranger anxiety

a fear of unfamiliar people

74
New cards

Preoperational

approximately 2 to 7 years old; children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, which is why children in this stage engage in pretend play

75
New cards

Conservation

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, its still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

76
New cards

Egocentrism

the child is not able to take the perspective of others

77
New cards

Concrete operational

occurs from about 7 to 11 years old; children can think logically about real events; they have a firm grasp on the use of numbers and start to employ memory strategies

78
New cards

Reversibility

objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

79
New cards

Formal operational

age 11 to adulthood; children can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

80
New cards

Postformal thinking

decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts

81
New cards

Once we reach adulthood our problem solving abilities change

we tend to think more deeply about many areas of our lives, such as relationships, work, and politics

82
New cards

Pre-conventional morality

before age 9; behavior driven by avoiding punishment, self-interest, and rewards

83
New cards

Conventional morality

early adolescence; behavior driven by social approval, obeying authority, and conforming to social order

84
New cards

Post-conventional morality

behavior driven by balance of social order, individual rights, and internal moral principles

85
New cards

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

There are three stages of prenatal development

86
New cards

Conception

when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

87
New cards

Mitosis

when the zygote divides and multiplies, going from a one-cell structure to two cells, then four cells, then eight cells, and so on

88
New cards

Placenta

a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

89
New cards

Fetus

When the organism is about nine weeks old

90
New cards

Prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus; can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy

91
New cards

Teratogen

any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

92
New cards

Newborn reflexes

inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation

93
New cards

Blooming

the nervous system grows and develops rapidly during infancy and toddlerhood

94
New cards

Motor skills

our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

95
New cards

Fine motor skills

the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions

96
New cards

Gross motor skills

large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements

97
New cards

Infants

shake their head "no" and respond to verbal requests to do things

98
New cards

Toddlers

mastered object permanence

99
New cards

Preschool-age

they can count, name colors, and tell you their name and age, and make some decisions on their own; they understand basic time concepts and sequencing can predict what will happen next in a story; they develop theory-of-mind

100
New cards

Theory-of-mind

to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own