Anatomy Exam 1

atomic number

atomic number

protons

red bone marrow, thymus, lymph vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, nodes

lymph organs

ductus deferens, scrotum, penis, testis, prostate

male repro organs

mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, vagina, uterus

female repro organs

ribose

carbohydrate structure in RNA and ATP

deoxyribose

carbohydrate structure in DNA

monosaccharide

carbohydrate energy source

disaccharide and polysaccharide

carbohydrates that must be broken down to monosaccharides to be used for energy

glycogen

carbohydrate that is the energy storage in muscles and liver

cellulose

carbohydrate bulk in feces

fatty acids

easily broken down

trans fats

unsaturated to saturated

lipids

steroids

protection (lipids)

fats surround and pad organs

insulation (lipids)

fats under skin prevent heat loss and myelin insulates cells from one another

steroids

lipid regulation of physiological processes

prostaglandins

lipid regulation of tissue inflammation and repair

A (vitamin)

lipid for seeing in the dark

D (vitamin)

lipid for Ca uptake by small intestine

E (vitamin)

lipid for wound healing

K (vitamin)

lipid for synthesis of protein needed for blood clots

energy (lipids)

stored and broken down later; yield more

globular proteins

antibodies, hormones, enzymes; SPECIFIC REGIONS

fibrous proteins

structure, elastin, collagen, keratin, contractile fibers, WATER INSOLUBLE

enzymes

proteins chemical regulation

hormones

proteins physiological regulation like insulin and glucose

hemoglobin

protein transport of O2 and CO2

plasma protein

protein transport that controls movement in and out of the cell

antibodies

protein protection

actin and myosin

protein contraction

collagen

protein structure for structural framework

keratin

protein structure in hair, skin, and nails

energy (proteins)

broken down and yield as much as carbohydrates

structure, energy, bulk

carbohydrate functions

protection, insulation, regulation, vitamins, structure, energy

lipid functions

regulation, transport, protection, contraction, structure, energy

protein functions

cell theory

a cell is the structural and functional unit of life

biochemical functions

determined by shape of a cell and specific subcellular structures

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

3 basic parts of human cell

plama membrane

flexible outer boundary

cytoplasm

intracellular fluid containing organelles

nucleus

DNA containing control center

interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid

ecf

ECM

substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

cell functions

metabolize and energy use

synthesis of molecules

communication

reproduction and inheritance

fluid mosaic

constantly changing patterns

distribution of molecules within membrane, phospholipids automatically reassemble, can fuse to hold cells together

fluidity allows

75 phospholipids, 5 glycolipids, 20 cholesterol

membrane lipids

phospholipids

polar philic heads and nonpolar philic tails

glycolipids

lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface; a carbohydrate attached to lipid on surface used for cell identification

cholesterol

interspersed among phospholipids; amount determines fluid nature; increase membrane stability and function

membrane proteins

allow cell communication with environment

integral

firmly inserted into membrane

most are transmembrane

have phobic and philic regions

transport, enzymes and receptors

peripheral

loosely attached to integral

include filaments on IC surface for plasma membrane support

enzymes, motor, cell to cell, part of glycocalyx

glycocalyx

consists of sugars sticking out of cell surface; a bio marker for cell cell recognition; allows immune system to recognize self v non self

tight

integral protein that forms impermeable junction that encircles the whole cell via interlocking proteins; prevent fluids from moving in between cells in extracellular space

blood brain barrier, digestive tract

tight junctions found

desmosomes

rivet like formed when linker proteins of neighboring cells interlock like a zipper; allow give between cells, reduce tearing under tension

skin, cardiac muscle

desmosomes found

gap

transmembrane proteins form tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell; used to spread ions, simple sugars, small molecules, and electrical signals between cells

cardiac and smooth muscle cells

gap junctions found

simple, facilitated, osmosis

types of diffusion

simple

non-polar lipids soluble substance diffuses directly through phospholipid bilayer

O2 CO2 fat-soluble vitamins

carrier

transmembrane integral protein that have SPECIFIC seats and change shape; become saturated when full; POLAR MOLECULES

channel

have aqueous filled cores formed by transmembrane proteins that open all the way through; aquaporins; DEPENDENT ON SIZE AND CHARGE

aquaporins

water channel proteins

osmosis

passive movement of water from high to low concentration

osmolarity

measure of total concentration of solute particles

osmotic pressure

tendency of water to move into the cell by osmosis; sucks water in; more solute means more pressure

hydrostatic

back pressure exerted on a membrane by the water. prevents water from entering; pushes water out

osmotic = hydrostatic

no net water movement

hypertonic solution

higher osmolarity in solution than cell; water flows out and crenates

hypotonic solution

lower osmolarity in solution than cell; water flows in and hemolysis

primary

active transport using Na K pump

secondary

active transport using charge differences

endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis

active vesicular transport

vesicular

transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles

phago, pino, receptor mediated

endo

endocytosis

formation of protein coated vesicles; usually involves receptors and can be very selective; into cell

phago

cell eating via pseudopods; macrophages and other wbc

pino

cell drinking via plasma membrane folds

receptor mediated

picky eater

exocytosis

material is ejected from cell, cell pooping

transcytosis

transport into, across, and then out of cell

dec size

inc diffusion

inc temp

inc diffusion

dec weight

inc diffusion

inc gradient

inc diffusion

planetary model

fixed

orbital model

predicts behavior

molecule

like or different atoms bonded together

compound

different atoms bonded together (all can be molecules)

exchange

most common reaction in body

redox

exchange electrons

high heat capacity

absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature

high heat of vaporization

evaporation requires large amounts of heat

useful cooling mechanism

CO CO2 HCO3-

inorganic