History US 1 Final Review

U.S Final Exam Terms

George Washington’s Presidency

Judiciary Act of 1789

- created a structure in the Supreme Court

Washington’s Cabinet-

Washington made three Executive branches: the Department of State, to deal with foreign affairs, the Department of War, to deal with the military, and the Department of the Treasury, to deal with finances. Washington appointed people to deal with these apartments and lead. Henry Knox was Secretary of the Department of War, Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of the Treasury, and Edmund Randolph was the head of federal government management.

Alexander Hamilton-

believed in a strong central government led by a prosperous, educated elite of upper-class citizens

Financial Plan-

Thomas Jefferson-

a Democrat who wanted to honor the 1778 treaty and support France in the Revolution, distrusted a strong central government and the rich. He favored strong state and local governments, with roots in popular participation

Federalists-

wanted to back the British

Republicans-

Whiskey Rebellion-

an opportunity for the federal government to show that it could enforce the law along the western frontier.

French Revolution

Washington declared neutrality

Pickney’s Treaty

-included virtually every concession that the Americans desired. Spain gave up all claims to land east of the Mississippi (except Florida). Spain also recognized the 31st parallel as the southern boundary of the United States and the northern boundary of Florida. Finally, Spain agreed to open the Mississippi River to traffic by Spanish subjects and U.S. citizens and to allow American traders to use the port of New Orleans.

Farewell Address-

Washington made the Americans set aside their likes and dislikes to keep peace with Great Britain

John Adams(1796)

XYZ Affair-

political cartoon satirizing the XYZ Affair

Alien Act-

-To counter what they saw as a growing threat against the government, the Federalists pushed through Congress in 1798 four measures.

Sedition Act-

The Sedition Act set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing “false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government. Under the terms of this act, the federal government prosecuted and jailed many Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, and politicians.

Nullification Crisis-

There was an issue with the balance between the states and the federal government.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions-

Virginia and Kentucky claimed the right to declare null and void federal laws going beyond powers granted by the Constitution to the federal government.

Jefferson/The Election of 1800

Electoral College Results-

Jefferson and John Adams; Adams won, but Jefferson's running partner received the same number of votes as Jefferson, and the House Representatives had to decide between them

Alexander Hamilton/Aarron Burr-

Hamilton voted Jefferson more fit for presidency than Aaron Burr

Jefferson Reducing Government-

cut military spending, reduced national debt and eliminated federal tax

Midnight Judges-

Adams wanted to make sure he maintained influence in the judiciary so he appointed three judges at midnight before leaving office.

Marbury v. Madison-

court case that established judicial review - the power of courts to declare law unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase–

Jefferson was not sure whether the Constitution gave the government the power to acquire new territories

Britain and Trade-

Great Britain decided to blockade the ports to prevent ships from entering or leaving in order to prevent the trade of goods when Napolean stopped trading with them.

Impressment

-siezing Americans at sea and drafting them into the British navy

Chesapeake-

The British warship HMS Leopard attacked and boarded the American frigate USS Chesapeake, searching for British deserters

Embargo Act of 1807

- ban on exporting products to other countries

Native Conflicts(Tecumseh)-

Tecumseh believed it was the only way for Native Americans to protect their homelands against white settlers.

War Hawks-

The Hawks Demanded War(1804) started when Napolean excludes British goods from Europe. Great Britain decided to blockade the ports to prevent ships from entering or leaving in order to prevent the trade of goods. By 1807 Britain had taken over 1000 American ships, taking their goods, and France had taken 500.

James Madison/ War of 1812

Oliver Hazard Perry-

Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie allowing America to retake Detroit and win several battles.

Star Spangled Banner-

White House- Andrew Jackson-

The British burned the white house because the US had burned their governors mansions and legislative assembly buildings. They got in by disguising themselves. Andrew Jackson played a role in leading the Americans to victory in many battles.

13th Amendment-

Abolished slavery in the United States marking a crucial victory for the abolitionist movement after the Civil War

Assassination of Lincoln-

assasinated by John Wilkes Booth, confederate sympathizer, Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865.

Andrew Jackson as President

Popularizing Politics-

promoted the idea of a government for th common man

Regional Influence-

reflected the growing influence of the western fronties and Southern states in national politics

Indian Removal Act

- authorized the forced relocation of the Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi River

Trail of Tears-

After the Indian Removal Act was passed, thousands of Native Amricans(Cherokee) were forcibly relocated to present-day Oklahoma. Many suffered disease, hunger, harsh conditions that resulted in thousands of deaths.

Western Expansion/Politics of Slavery

Manifest Destiny-

Americans believed they were destined by god to expand westward “ We take nothing by conquest thank God”

Wilmot Proviso

- wanted to save the jobs for the white people and discriminated against African Americans

Popular Sovereignty-

considered the best way to handle slavery because most people were on the same side meaning there would be less retaliation

Missouri Compromise

prohibited slavery from the part of the Lousiana Purchase north of the 36 30 line

Texas-

declared independence from Mexico in 1836 and annexed(took control of) in 1844. They feared Mexico invading again.

Mexican-American War-

United States wanted Southwest territory and offered to buy California but Mexico refused and so they went to war

California

- Massive influx of settlers seeking fortune due to the gold rush, expansion lead to displacement and violence against the Native Americans, Railroads( Transcontinental Railroad) connected California to the rest of the U.S boosting trade and migration.

Compromise of 1850-

California territories wanted statehood

The balance of political power was distributed

Zach Taylor supported the Popular Sovereignty but not the Compromise of 1850

California was free, New Mexico and Utah had popular sovereignty, the Fugitive Slave Act, and No Trade in DC

Kansas and Nebraska Act-

allowed settlers in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery(popular sovereignty)

Bleeding Kansas

-Abolitionists and Pro-Slavery advocates descended upon KS(John Brown)

Summer vs. Brooks-

Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina brutally beat Senator Charles Sumner of Mass with a cane in retaliation for Sumner’s anti-slavery Speech (The Crime Against Kansas)

Free soilers-

opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories

Know Nothings-

American party when America divided political parties

Republicans-

Former whigs and frustrated democrats

Dred Scott decision

-officially recognized black people as inferior legally, even free black people, Ded Scott sued for beeing held in bondage in property were it was prohibited

Civil War

Election of 1856

- Buchanan won, his actions as leader ultimately led to the Civil War.

Election of 1860-

Lincoln won the US. Presidential election of 1860. Areas that were more heavily populated had more power over the election.

Succession(South Carolina)-

The first state the succeeded from the Union, December 20 1860

Fort Sumter-

coastal defense system following the War of 1812. Confderates forces attacked the Union marking the official start of the Civil War.

Northern vs Southern Strategies-

North had more advantages but South had better motivation and leaders, the south had more to loose because they were fighting for their freedom.

Bull Run-

Both sides felt that victory was guaranteed however, Stonewall Jacson inspired the South and turned the battle in their favor.

Sullivan Ballou-

known for a letter he wrote to his wife before dying at the First Battle of Bull Run. His words captured the deep love and sacrifice of those who fought

Jefferson Davis-

The President of the Confedeerate States, leading the South through Civil war.

Robert E. Lee-

The highly respected general of the Confederate Army known for his strategic brilliance and eventual surrender at Appomattox.

Abraham Lincoln

The U.S President who preserved th Union, issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and delivered speeches like the Gettysburg Address before being assassinated in 1865.

George McLellan-

Lincoln made George general to lead the newly formed Union Army

Antietam-

The bloodiest single day battle in American history

Emancipation Proclamation-

Slaves were going to be freed in areas that were under the Confederate Control at that point.

Ulysses S. Grant-

Gettysburg-

the Confederates suffered despite their battlefield victory with Stonewalls death after being shot in the arm and dying of pnuemonia

Gettysburg Address-

Lincoln rminded Americans that they were right for fighting the bloody war

William Tecumseh Sherman-

Sherman led his army into Confederate land and lade siege to Atlanta, taking it.

Lee’s Surrender-

Lee retreated to the Appotomaxx court house were he surrendereed closing the Civil War.